“…In recent years, multifunctional nanocomposite materials have attracted extensive interest because they can integrate multiple functionalities into one single nanosystem and thus endow them with great potential application in various areas (Gao et al, 2009 ; Liu Z. et al, 2011 ; Cheng et al, 2013 ; Jia et al, 2019 ; Sun et al, 2019 ; Liao et al, 2020 ). Among them, nanoparticles (NPs) with magnetism and luminescence have been extensively studied for their applications in biomedicine, for example, targeted enrichment and separation, magnetic targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biological luminescent probes (Cheng et al, 2016 ; Chen and Fu, 2018 ; Ding et al, 2018 ; Tang et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Fu et al, 2019 ). Rare-earth doped upconversion luminescent nanomaterials (UCNPs) can emit high-energy photons of different wavelengths in visible or near-infrared (NIR) region by absorbing two or more low-energy photons in NIR region, this makes UCNPs have the prominent advantages over traditional phosphors in low autofluorescence background, shape emission bandwidths, good photochemical stability, and large tissue penetration depth (Xu et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ).…”