Scientific fraternity revealed the
potential of stimuli-responsive
nanotherapeutics for cancer treatment that aids in tackling the major
restrictions of traditionally reported drug delivery systems. Among
stimuli-responsive inorganic nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks
(MOFs) have transpired as unique porous materials displaying resilient
structures and diverse applications in cancer theranostics. Mainly,
it demonstrates tailorable porosity, versatile chemical configuration,
tunable size and shape, and feasible surface functionalization, etc.
The present review provides insights into the design of stimuli-responsive
multifunctional MOFs for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging for
effective cancer therapy. Initially, the concept of cancer, traditional
cancer treatment, background of MOFs, and approaches for MOFs synthesis
have been discussed. After this, applications of stimuli-responsive
multifunctional MOFs-assisted nanostructures that include pH, light,
ions, temperature, magnetic, redox, ATP, and others for targeted drug
delivery and bioimaging in cancer have been thoroughly discussed.
As an outcome, the designed multifunctional MOFs showed an alteration
in properties due to the exogenous and endogenous stimuli that are
beneficial for drug release and bioimaging. The several reported types
of stimuli-responsive surface-modified MOFs revealed good biocompatibility
to normal cells, promising drug loading capability, target-specific
delivery of anticancer drugs into cancerous cells, etc. Despite substantial
progress in this field, certain crucial issues need to be addressed
to reap the clinical benefits of multifunctional MOFs. Specifically,
the toxicological compatibility and biodegradability of the building
blocks of MOFs demand a thorough evaluation. Moreover, the investigation
of sustainable and greener synthesis methods is of the utmost importance.
Also, the low flexibility, off-target accumulation, and compromised
pharmacokinetic profile of stimuli-responsive MOFs have attracted
keen attention. In conclusion, the surface-modified nanosized design
of inorganic diverse stimuli-sensitive MOFs demonstrated great potential
for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging in different kinds of cancers.
In the future, the preference for stimuli-triggered MOFs will open
a new frontier for cancer theranostic applications.