Multilevel information fusion for cryptographic substitution box construction based on inevitable random noise in medical imaging

Abstract

Block cipher has been a standout amongst the most reliable option by which data security is accomplished. Block cipher strength against various attacks relies on substitution boxes. In literature, extensively algebraic structures, and chaotic systems-based techniques are available to design the cryptographic substitution boxes. Although, algebraic and chaotic systems-based approaches have favorable characteristics for the design of substitution boxes, but on the other side researchers have also pointed weaknesses in these approaches. First-time multilevel information fusion is introduced to construct the substitution boxes, having four layers; Multi Sources, Multi Features, Nonlinear Multi Features Whitening and Substitution Boxes Construction. Our proposed design does not hold the weakness of algebraic structures and chaotic systems because our novel s-box construction relies on the strength of true random numbers. In our proposed method true random numbers are generated from the inevitable random noise of medical imaging. The proposed design passes all the substitution box security evaluation criteria including Nonlinearity, Bit Independence Criterion (BIC), Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC), Differential Approximation Probability (DP), Linear Approximation Probability (LP), and statistical tests, including resistance to Differential Attack, Correlation Analysis, 2D, 3D histogram analysis. The outcomes of the evaluation criteria validate that the proposed substitution boxes are effective for block ciphers; furthermore, the proposed substitution boxes attain better cryptographic strength as compared to very recent state-of-the-art techniques.

Design of highly nonlinear confusion component based on entangled points of quantum spin states

“…Numerous structures exist to generate the outcomes for S-boxes with either traditional or modern chaos-based algorithms 37,38 , and many researchers have applied optimization methods, such as evolutionary algorithms [39][40][41] , to improve the chaos-based consequences for the confusion component. Although these methodologies to design the structures of S-boxes offer favorable characteristics, researchers have also pointed out the weaknesses of these approaches 42 . Many statistical attacks are available for the assembly of S-box designs, including linear and differential [43][44][45] , interpolation 46 , Grobner basis 47 , side-channel 48 , SAT solver 49 , XL 50 , and XSL 51 attacks.…”

Discrete Logarithmic Factorial Problem and Einstein Crystal Model Based Public-Key Cryptosystem for Digital Content Confidentiality

“…This approach is associated with linear regression analysis, which signifies the statistical method for modeling the relationship between dependent variables. To observe the relationship between the original and encrypted digital content, we performed an analysis between the pixel pairs in horizontal, diagonal, and vertical directions [36]- [37].…”

Block Cipher’s Substitution Box Generation Based on Natural Randomness in Underwater Acoustics and Knight’s Tour Chain

“…Information security is the protection of secret data from illegal access, disclosure, inspection, destruction, disruption, and modification. e protection of confidential information is a global issue and block encryption algorithms are the most reliable option [1]. Block cipher is a branch of deterministic algorithm that works on the static length of bits, which is called block.…”

“…e responsibility to create a randomized relation among ciphertext and the key is on the confusion component; also, the confusion component is totally responsible to provide resistance against the linear and differential attacks [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Block cipher's confusion component is generally known as substitution (S-box) which transforms k input bits into m output bits through S:{0,1} k ⟶{0,1} m , transforms vector z…”