Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

Human mesenchymal stem cells are thought to be multipotent cells, which are present in adult marrow, that can replicate as undifferentiated cells and that have the potential to differentiate to lineages of mesenchymal tissues, including bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. Cells that have the characteristics of human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from marrow aspirates of volunteer donors. These cells displayed a stable phenotype and remained as a monolayer in vitro. These adult stem cells could be induced to differentiate exclusively into the adipocytic, chondrocytic, or osteocytic lineages. Individual stem cells were identified that, when expanded to colonies, retained their multilineage potential.

Controlled two-photon photodegradation of PEG hydrogels to study and manipulate subcellular interactions on soft materials

“…For example, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiated into chondrocytes with the exogenous addition of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) or osteoblasts with the addition of dexamethasone, β-glycerol phosphate, and ascorbate. 1 Less attention is given to the role of the cellular microenvironment in this process, but it may be equally important for regulating cell function; for MSCs, chondrogenesis is conducted in pellet culture while osteogenesis is conducted in high cell density plate culture. 1 Further, the elasticity of the culture substrate has been shown to influence cell proliferation, adhesion, morphology, and migration and to direct MSC differentiation, 2–6 while patterning of substrates to control cell geometry has been shown to regulate relative cell growth and apoptotic rates.…”

“…1 Less attention is given to the role of the cellular microenvironment in this process, but it may be equally important for regulating cell function; for MSCs, chondrogenesis is conducted in pellet culture while osteogenesis is conducted in high cell density plate culture. 1 Further, the elasticity of the culture substrate has been shown to influence cell proliferation, adhesion, morphology, and migration and to direct MSC differentiation, 2–6 while patterning of substrates to control cell geometry has been shown to regulate relative cell growth and apoptotic rates. 7, 8 These results illustrate that a myriad of epigenetic factors, beyond soluble media additives, contribute to the control of cell function.…”

Midazolam inhibits chondrogenesis via peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in human mesenchymal stem cells

“…To confirm the inhibitory effect of Midazolam, we applied TGF‐β‐containing chondrogenic induction medium31, 32 in human MSCs. We used several differentiation markers to indicate chondrogenesis, including SOX9, type II collagen and an increased amount of GAGs, which could be stained using Alcian blue.…”

“…Only early passages (passages 3‐6) of primary hMSCs were used in this experiment. To induce chondrogenic differentiation, KP cells or hMSCs were treated with chondrogenic induction medium (DMEM low glucose, 0.1 μmol/L Dexamethasone, 50 μmol/L L‐ascorbic acid‐2‐phosphate, 1× Insulin‐Transferrin‐Selenium, 40 μg/mL L‐proline, 100× L‐glutamine, 5 ng/mL transforming growth factor‐β3) 31, 32. For the pelleted culture, 3 × 10 5  cells per pellet were placed in a 15‐ml centrifuge tube and centrifuged to produce a pellet.…”

“…For high‐density cultures, cells were seeded at 3 × 10 4  cells/cm 2 overnight and the medium was replaced with chondrogenic induction medium the following day 31. The chondrogenic differentiation was accessed after 7 or 14 days of treatment 31, 32…”