Multilocus Genetics and the Coevolution of Quantitative Traits

Kopp, Michael; Gavrilets, Sergey

doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01212.x

Cited by 82 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Altogether, these results provide strong support for the prediction that traits involved in the studied mutualisms are under stabilizing selection exerted by ant partners (36)(37)(38)(39), and for our corollary expectation that mutualism breakdown leads to relaxation of that selection. However, high evolutionary rates leading to larger holes could also reflect selection exerted by alternative partners (other invertebrates and small vertebrates) with much larger body sizes.…”

Section: Relaxed Selective Constraints On Entrance Diameter After Mutsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Theoretical studies predict that specialized mutualisms comaintain interaction-related traits via stabilizing selection (36)(37)(38)(39). Conversely, mutualistic breakdown to the free-living state should relax selection on traits previously involved in the interaction.…”

Section: Relaxed Selective Constraints On Entrance Diameter After Mutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three strategies are present: specialized ant-plants, where species associate consistently with one or a few species of ants (henceforth "specialized symbioses"), some of which are obligate (17,34,35); generalist ant-plants, where plants often, but not always, associate with generalist arboreal ants (hence also facultative); and, finally, species that form no association with ants. Theoretical models predict that in many mutualisms, partners exert stabilizing selection on each other, notably to maintain traitmatching phenotypes (36)(37)(38)(39). A corollary is that loss of mutualistic interactions will lead to the relaxation of the stabilizing selection on traits previously involved in the interaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time

Chomicki

Renner

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mutualisms that involve symbioses among specialized partners may be more stable than mutualisms among generalists, and theoretical models predict that in many mutualisms, partners exert reciprocal stabilizing selection on traits directly involved in the interaction. A corollary is that mutualism breakdown should increase morphological rates of evolution. We here use the largest ant-plant clade (Hydnophytinae), with different levels of specialization for mutualistic ant symbionts, to study the ecological context of mutualism breakdown and the response of a key symbiosis-related trait, domatium entrance hole size, which filters symbionts by size. Our analyses support three predictions from mutualism theory. First, all 12 losses apparently only occur from a generalist symbiotic state. Second, mutualism losses occurred where symbionts are scarce, in our system at high altitudes. Third, domatium entrance hole size barely changes in specialized symbiotic species, but evolves rapidly once symbiosis with ants has broken down, with a "morphorate map" revealing that hotspots of entrance hole evolution are clustered in high-altitude areas. Our study reveals that mutualistic strategy profoundly affects the pace of morphological change in traits involved in the interaction and suggests that shifts in partners' relative abundances may frequently drive reversions of generalist mutualisms to autonomy. mutualism | symbiosis | morphology | comparative phylogenetic methods | ants U nderstanding how mutualisms arise, persist, or break down is a major focus in ecology and evolutionary biology (1-3). Symbiotic mutualisms can revert to the free-living state if the costto-benefit ratio shifts so that costs outweigh benefits. There are three main pathways through which mutualism can break down, namely, extinction of the partner, reversion to the free-living state, or shift to parasitism (2). Extinction of one partner in an obligate mutualism should entail the extinction of the other, whereas in a facultative mutualism, extinction might lead to a reversion to autonomy (4-8), but these predictions have limited support from empirical studies. Similarly, mutualism could also break down if one partner becomes scarce, which may be especially important in laterally transferred symbioses where partners disperse independently and the interaction needs to be reestablished at each generation, involving vulnerable stages for both. Mutualisms can also break down by shifting to parasitism. Such shifts are predicted by theory (9, 10) because reducing or stopping reciprocation increases the fitness of the cheating partner (11)(12)(13)(14). Phylogenetically unrelated freeloaders may also disrupt a mutualism by exploiting it (15-18). Finally, mutualism can break down if benefits can be obtained cheaply or freely from the environment, for example, when plants involved in mycorrhizal or rhizobia symbioses grow in nutrient-rich soils (19,20) or when antiherbivore defense by ant mutualists is no longer required (21). Most of these theoretical expectations ab...

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Section: Relaxed Selective Constraints On Entrance Diameter After Mutsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Relaxed Selective Constraints On Entrance Diameter After Mutmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time

Chomicki

Renner

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Exact results for more than two loci have proven difficult to obtain [96][97][98][99]. As a result, we developed a custom c++ program, called admix'em (github: https://github.com/melop/admixem), to simulate more complex scenarios.…”

Section: Description Of Simulation Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive isolation of hybrid populations driven by genetic incompatibilities

Schumer

Cui

Rosenthal

et al. 2014

Preprint

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Despite its role in homogenizing populations, hybridization has also been proposed as a means to generate new species. The conceptual basis for this idea is that hybridization can result in novel phenotypes through recombination between the parental genomes, allowing a hybrid population to occupy ecological niches unavailable to parental species. Here we present an alternative model of the evolution of reproductive isolation in hybrid populations that occurs as a simple consequence of selection against genetic incompatibilities. Unlike previous models of hybrid speciation, our model does not incorporate inbreeding, or assume that hybrids have an ecological or reproductive fitness advantage relative to parental populations. We show that reproductive isolation between hybrids and parental species can evolve frequently and rapidly under this model, even in the presence of substantial ongoing immigration from parental species and strong selection against hybrids. An interesting prediction of our model is that replicate hybrid populations formed from the same pair of parental species can evolve reproductive isolation from each other. This non-adaptive process can therefore generate patterns of species diversity and relatedness that resemble an adaptive radiation. Intriguingly, several known hybrid species exhibit patterns of reproductive isolation consistent with the predictions of our model. Author SummaryUnderstanding the origin of species is one of the central challenges in evolutionary biology. It has been suggested that hybridization could generate new species because hybrids can display novel combinations of traits that induce reproductive isolation from their parental species (called "hybrid speciation"). Existing models predict that this should only occur in special cases, and indeed there have been only few well-supported examples. We describe a new model of hybrid reproductive isolation that results from selection against genetic incompatibilities in hybrids, which are predicted to be common. Simulations reveal that hybrid populations rapidly and frequently become isolated from parental species by fixing combinations of genes that hinder successful reproduction with parental species.

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“…The empirical basis for these models came from interaction loci identified in plant/pathogen (mostly fungi) associations [61]. More recent theoretical and empirical studies, however, suggest that coevolutionary interactions between parasites and both animal and plant hosts are more often mediated, at least in part, by complex, polygenic traits (e.g., [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]). …”

Section: Box 2 Polygenic Traits and Quantitative Genetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Niche construction: evolutionary implications for parasites and hosts

Lymbery

2015

Trends in Parasitology

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Multilocus Genetics and the Coevolution of Quantitative Traits

Cited by 82 publications

References 73 publications

Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time

Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time

Reproductive isolation of hybrid populations driven by genetic incompatibilities

Niche construction: evolutionary implications for parasites and hosts

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