Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone

Morehouse, Erica A.; James, Timothy Y.; Ganley, Austen R. D.; Vilgalys, Rytas; Berger, Lee; Murphy, Peter; Longcore, Joyce E.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01732.x

Cited by 261 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although infection experiments comparing survival of amphibians after exposure to different B. dendrobatidis isolates are still needed, our results suggest a lack of adaptation to particular species or environments and therefore little genetic differentiation among isolates. Genetic comparisons of 35 B. dendrobatidis isolates from North America, Panama, Africa, and Australia demonstrate that all are closely related (Morehouse et al, 2003). This supports ecologic, pathologic, and biogeographic evidence that chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians (Daszak et al, 1999;Weldon et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussion Predicting Immunologic Resistance To Chytridiomycsupporting

confidence: 59%

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Woodhams

Voyles

Lips

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

138

139

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ABSTRACT:Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians caused by a chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This panzootic does not equally affect all amphibian species within an assemblage; some populations decline, others persist. Little is known about the factors that affect disease resistance. Differences in behavior, life history, biogeography, or immune function may impact survival. We found that an innate immune defense, antimicrobial skin peptides, varied significantly among species within a rainforest stream amphibian assemblage that has not been exposed to B. dendrobatidis. If exposed, all amphibian species at this central Panamanian site are at risk of population declines. In vitro pathogen growth inhibition by peptides from Panamanian species compared with species with known resistance (Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis) or susceptibility (Bufo boreas) suggests that of the nine species examined, two species (Centrolene prosoblepon and Phyllomedusa lemur) may demonstrate strong resistance, and the other species will have a higher risk of disease-associated population declines. We found little variation among geographically distinct B. dendrobatidis isolates in sensitivity to an amphibian skin peptide mixture. This supports the hypothesis that B. dendrobatidis is a generalist pathogen and that species possessing an innate immunologic defense at the time of disease emergence are more likely to survive.

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Section: Discussion Predicting Immunologic Resistance To Chytridiomycsupporting

confidence: 59%

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Woodhams

Voyles

Lips

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

138

139

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“…The sequence of the primers occurred in the DNA of all isolates of B. dendrobatidis from North America, Central America, and Australia that have been sequenced. Our results, and the probability that B. dendrobatidis isolates from Australia and Central and North America are from a recently emerged clone (Morehouse et al, 2003), suggest that most, if not all, infections by B. dendrobatidis can be detected with the Bd1a and Bd2a primer pair developed in this study. Only one other tested chytrid, P. dentatum, which grows on chitin, produced a faint band of the correct size with our amplification conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

A Dna-Based Assay Identifies Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Amphibians

Annis

Dastoor

Ziel

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Self Cite

185

160

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Chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Chytridiomycota) has been implicated in declines of amphibian populations on four continents. We have developed a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay to detect this pathogen. We isolated B. dendrobatidis from captive and wild amphibians collected across North America and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA cassette of multiple isolates. We identified two primers (Bd1a and Bd2a) that are specific to B. dendrobatidis under amplification conditions described in this study. DNA amplification with Bd1a/Bd2a primers produced a fragment of approximately 300 bp from B. dendrobatidis DNA but not from DNA of other species of chytrids or common soil fungi. The assay detected 10 zoospores or 10 pg of DNA from B. dendrobatidis and detected infections in skin samples from a tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), boreal toads (Bufo boreas), Wyoming toads (Bufo baxteri), and smooth-sided toads (Bufo guttatus). This assay required only small samples of skin and can be used to process a large number of samples.

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“…The six candidate genes were amplified and sequenced using the following primer pairs: ITS1/ITS5 (ITS, White et al 1990), LROR/LR5 (nLSU, Moncalvo et al 2000Moncalvo et al , 2002, EF1-983F/EF1-1567R (tef-1α, Morehouse et al 2003), MS1/MS2 (mtSSU, White et al 1990), RPB1-Ac/RPB1-Cr (rpb1, Stiller and Hall 1997;Matheny et al 2002), and bRPB2-6F/fRPB2-7cR (rpb2, Liu et al 1999;Matheny 2005). PCR was performed in a Techne Prime Thermal Cycler (Cole-Parmer, Staffordshire, UK) using a 50 μL reaction volume composed of 25 μL Biomed 2× Taq Plus PCR MasterMix (Biomed, Beijing, China), 21 μL ddH 2 O, 1.5 μL of each primer (10 μmol/L), and 1 μL DNA template.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary DNA barcode selection for the genus Russula (Russulales, Basidiomycota)

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2018

Mycology

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Russula is a worldwid genus which has a high species diversity . Aiming accurate and rapid species identification, candidate genes nLSU (28S), ITS, tef-1α, mtSSU, rpb1, and rpb2, were analysed as potential DNA barcodes. This analysis included 433 sequences from 38 well-circumscribed Russula species of eight subgenera. Two vital standards were analysed for success species identification using DNA barcodes, specifically inter-and intra-specific variations together with the success rates of PCR amplification and sequencing. Although the gap between inter-and intra-specific variations was narrow, ITS met the qualification standards for a target DNA barcode. Overlapping inter-and intra-specific pairwise distances were observed in nLSU, tef-1α, mtSSU, and rpb2. The success rates of PCR amplification and sequencing in mtSSU and rpb1 were lower than those of others. Gene combinations were also investigated for resolution of species recognition. ITS-rpb2 was suggested as the likely target DNA barcode for Russula, owing to the two viatal standards above. Since nLSU has the lowest minimum of inter-specific variation, and tef-1α has the highest overlap between intra-and inter-species variations among the candidate genes, they are disqualified from the selection for DNA barcode of Russula. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone

Cited by 261 publications

References 35 publications

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

Predicted Disease Susceptibility in a Panamanian Amphibian Assemblage Based on Skin Peptide Defenses

A Dna-Based Assay Identifies Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis in Amphibians

A preliminary DNA barcode selection for the genus Russula (Russulales, Basidiomycota)

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