“…One of the most important principles of multimedia learning is the redundancy principle, which suggests that redundant material (i.e., material that is concurrently presented in different forms or unnecessarily elaborated) interferes with learning (Kalyuga & Sweller, 2014). According to this principle, "[P]eople learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration, and printed text" (Niegeman & Heidig, 2012, p. 2374. Duplication of the same information may overload working memory, inhibiting comprehension and learning (Kalyuga & Sweller, 2014).…”