Multimedia Security Using Encryption: A Survey

Hosny, Khalid M.; Zaki, M. A.; Lashin, Nabil A.; Fouda, Mostafa M.; Hamza, Hanaa M.

doi:10.1109/access.2023.3287858

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The correlation coefficient (ρ) assesses the confusion and diffusion effects in an encrypted image by considering pairs of pixels [34]. It is defined by Equation (4).…”

Section: Correlation Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Cardona-López,

Chimal-Eguía,

Silva-García

et al. 2024

Mathematics

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The negative–positive transformation (NPT) is a widely employed technique for encrypting images on pixel blocks, commonly integrated into cryptosystems compatible with compression algorithms. The existing literature on NPT analysis can be categorized into two types: theoretical analyses with results that apply to any image, primarily focused on compression compatibility, and numerical analyses that report empirical results from specific images, some without explaining the causes of the security results, while others are only related to the compression performance. Consequently, there is a significant gap in understanding the implications of applying the NPT for data protection. For that reason, this paper conducts a theoretical statistical analysis, presenting, demonstrating, and verifying six theorems to understand the security contributions of NPT. Two theorems examine the shape of the image histogram and the scatter plot of adjacent pixels after the NPT application. The subsequent four theorems explore the influence of NPT on the mean, variance, covariance, and correlation within each pixel block. The findings indicate that the NPT generates images with symmetrical histograms, the correlation of pixel blocks remains invariant, and distinct vertical and horizontal reflections manifest on the scatter plot. These theorems are verified by encrypting the Lena image with four pixel-block sizes. The histogram symmetry passed the goodness-of-fit test at a significance level of 5%, revealing consistent results. The correlation of pixel blocks remained unchanged, and the scatter plot exhibited an x-shaped pattern. Therefore, as the NPT alone does not achieve desirable encryption results, such as uniform histograms, scatter plots, and decreasing correlation, cryptosystems should complement it with additional techniques.

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“…The correlation coefficient (ρ) assesses the confusion and diffusion effects in an encrypted image by considering pairs of pixels [34]. It is defined by Equation (4).…”

Section: Correlation Coefficientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proof. Another method to derive the variance result is through the proposition in Equation (34), which applies to linear functions of the form aK + b [43].…”

Section: Variancementioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Cardona-López,

Chimal-Eguía,

Silva-García

et al. 2024

Mathematics

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show abstract

“…The values of the pixels vary throughout the diffusion phase corresponding with the chaotic random sequence. Until the pixel values are all modified and the encryption is finished, repeat the two actions multiple times [25], [42][43][44][45]. Since the majority of the images have substantial relationships between adjacent pixels, we substitute the RGB image pixels using chaotic sequences to get rid of the correlations.…”

Section: Three Dimensional Substitution Bit Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secure encryption techniques aim to disrupt these patterns and create a more uniform distribution of pixel values in the encrypted image's histogram. This makes it challenging for attackers to infer meaningful information about the original image from its visual appearance or statistical properties [42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Analytical Histogrammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent decades, many researchers [37][38][39][40] have established high-dimensional methods of encryption very quickly to address security issues that prevent low-dimensional encryption from meeting requirements, given the speed at which modern communication is developing. Moreover, in [41][42][43][44][45], good encryption and good statistical properties are achieved, which leads to good security and integrity for the data transmission but with high complexity and limited key space for encryption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scrambled Encryption Approach for Color Images Based on 9-D Chaotic Systems with 3-D Substitution Bit Levels

Abdel Hameed

2024

Aswan University Journal of Sciences and Technology

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Over the past few decades, the need for robust and secure communication has grown exponentially, particularly in image transmission over networks. This is due to the increasing reliance on digital technologies. This work demonstrates a novel "Scrambled Encryption Approach" that leverages the inherent unpredictability. To this end, nine-dimensional chaotic systems are combined with the innovative technique of 3-D substitution bit levels to verify strengths such as the confidentiality and integrity of visual data while maintaining fast encryption and decryption processes. This has the drawback of being vulnerable to known plaintext attacks and performing more sophisticated calculations than simpler encryption approaches. So, the proposed technique first separates the color input image into 24 bits to be categorized into 8 bits for each color channel (red, green, and blue). Then, 3-bit levels are used with position sequences for substitutions taken from the 9-D Lorenz chaotic system. After that, a multilayer differentiation technique produces three key matrices, which are then used to diffuse the scrambled components and produce the color cipher image. The simulation results show that our method has a high visual quality of decrypted images as well as high protection against brute force attacks because we have a large key space used for encryption data. Moreover, our proposed technique achieves more security against statistical attacks, including histogram analysis, information entropy, and correlation coefficients between pixels. Finally, the proposed encryption technique achieves a more secure transmission than state-of-the-art encryption approaches to guarantee integrity, privacy, and efficiency through global networks.

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MieWC: Medical image encryption using wavelet transform and multiple chaotic maps

Demla,

Anand

2024

Security and Privacy

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Recently, digital images have been widely used in several applications through advanced wearable devices and networks. Despite several benefits of digital images, such as easy distribution, storage, and reproduction, it is difficult to prevent the issue of identity theft, privacy leakage, and ownership conflicts. We present a wavelet‐based encryption technique, MieWC, to solve the above issues using multiple chaotic keys. This work uses multiple keys for the encryption process, which ensures high security and authenticity. Lorenz and logistic maps are used for chaotic key generation for diffusion and confusion processes. Further, the technique is tested for two different wavelet transforms, including integer wavelet transform (IWT) and discrete wavelet transform, with IWT giving better results. Hence, it is being used for further analysis. The proposed technique is easy to implement and provides high security with improved results. It has low time complexity and high key bit sensitivity. The result analysis further ensures resistance against crop attacks.

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Multimedia Security Using Encryption: A Survey

Cited by 23 publications

References 103 publications

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Scrambled Encryption Approach for Color Images Based on 9-D Chaotic Systems with 3-D Substitution Bit Levels

MieWC: Medical image encryption using wavelet transform and multiple chaotic maps

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