Abstract. In this paper we present a tutoring system that automatically sequences the learning content according to the learners' mental states. The system draws on techniques from Brain Computer Interface and educational psychology to automatically adapt to changes in the learners' mental states such as attention and workload using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The objective of this system is to maintain the learner in a positive mental state throughout the tutoring session by selecting the next pedagogical activity that fits the best to his current state. An experimental evaluation of our approach involving two groups of learners showed that the group who interacted with the mental state-based adaptive version of the system obtained higher learning outcomes and had a better learning experience than the group who interacted with a non-adaptive version.Keywords: Intelligent tutoring system · Engagement · Workload · Real-time adaptive system · EEG · Machine learning · Experience and affect
IntroductionThe use of physio-cognitive sensing technologies in computer-based learning environments has grown continuously through these last years. More precisely, the emergence of the affective computing domain has made a huge change in the design of such environments by enhancing their capabilities to understand the learners' needs and behaviors [1][2][3][4][5]. Research in the Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) field is increasingly directed towards the integration of new techniques that can provide relevant indicators about the learners' internal and affective states. In fact, one of the main objectives of ITS is to provide an adapted and individualized learning environment to the learner. This adaptation can be operated with regards to several considerations (cognitive, educational, emotional, social, etc.), and can be related to different aspects of the system's interaction strategy (selection of the next learning step, providing an individualized feedback, or help, etc.). The integration of physiological data sources can represent a genuine opportunity for such a system to extract valuable information about the user's state and to proactively adapt to this state. In this paper, we present a new ITS called MENTOR (MENtal tuTOR), which is entirely based on the analysis of the learner's engagement and workload, extracted from the EEG data, in order to sequence the learning activities. More precisely, the system relies on an adaptive logic that selects the next pedagogical activity which fits