“…In this case, challenges include the choice of the model and its structure and the identification of model parameters for the various navigational conditions. To determine the anti-collision manoeuvres, nowadays, AI methods are more frequently used, such as genetic and evolutionary algorithms [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], artificial neural networks [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], machine learning [ 28 ], or systems of fuzzy inference [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. What restricts the use of these methods on an autonomous ship is essentially the lack of evidence on the stability of the solutions.…”