Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Two Regimens of Quinupristm/Dalfopristin (Synercid®) in Healthy Volunteers

Abstract

Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) is a novel streptogramin antibiotic for the treatment of severe gram-positive infections. The purpose of this open, nonrandomized, parallel-group, phase I trial was to evaluate Q/D pharmacokinetics after single and repeated doses under the two different dosing regimens corresponding to the effective doses and to evaluate tolerability. Two groups of 10 healthy volunteers received multiple 1-hour intravenous infusions of 7.5 mg/kg Q/D either every 8 or 12 hours for 4 or 5 days, respectively. Plasma concentrations of Q, D, and metabolites were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and selective microbiological assays. The two regimens q8h and q12h lead to the same disposition profile after single and repeated administration. Single-dose data confirmed the high plasma clearances of Q and D (about 0.90 l/h/kg) obtained previously. Unchanged drugs were the main components in plasma, with each of the three metabolites representing about 20% (in terms of the AUC ratio) of the parent drugs. Comparable steady-state concentrations were reached from day 2 of both regimens. A similar moderate increase in Cmax and AUC (about 20%) of parent drugs was observed between the first and last day of treatment. This phenomenon, which was also observed for the metabolites, was not expected considering the short terminal disposition half-lives of the parent drugs and trough plasma concentrations of all components mostly below the limits of quantitation at steady state, whatever the dosing regimen. The clearances of parent drugs at steady state were about 20% lower as compared with that observed following the first drug administration (statistically significant difference). No trend suggesting a treatment effect on any laboratory parameter, vital signs, or electrocardiographic parameters was identified. However, 80% of subjects reported venous adverse events probably related to treatment.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of recently approved drugs used to treat methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections in infants, children and adults

“…Fifteen percent of quinupristin and 19% of dalfopristin are excreted through the urine as unchanged drug and active metabolites [36,37,103]. Quinupristin and dalfopristin's T 1/2 are 0.85–1.26 hours and 0.70–1.15 hours, respectively (Table 2) [38–41]. We were not able to identify any published PK studies of quinupristin/dalfopristin in children and infants.…”

Quinupristin‐Dalfopristin: An Overview

“…The pharmacokinetic profile of quinupristindalfopristin was evaluated in several studies involving healthy volunteers. [77][78][79][80][81][82] In studies of a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg, the maximum concentration (C max ) was 2.26-2.96 µg/ml and 6.10-9.30 µg/ml for quinupristin and dalfopristin, respectively. [78][79][80][81][82] The area under the curve (AUC) was 2.67-3.44 µg•hour/ml and 6.45-8.33 µg•hour/ml, respectively.…”

“…A multiple-dose study of 7.5 mg/kg every 8 hours reported a steady-state C max of 2.79 µg/ml and AUC 0-24 of 3.22 µg•hour/ml for quinupristin and 7.22 µg/ml and 7.81 µg•hour/ml, respectively, for dalfopristin. 77 Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in special populations ( Table 2). [78][79][80] Based on these studies, dosage adjustments appear to be unnecessary in patients with renal failure, including those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.…”

A comparative in-vitro evaluation of resistance selection after exposure to teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid and quinupristin–dalfopristin in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.

“…Drugs were evaluated at the following concentrations, equal to the resistance breakpoint (BP) and the peak and minimum serum concentrations (C max and C min , respectively): teicoplanin 32 mg ⁄ L (BP), 43.2 mg ⁄ L (C max ), 10 mg ⁄ L (C min ); vancomycin 32 mg ⁄ L (BP), 66 mg ⁄ L (C max ), 8 mg ⁄ L (C min ); quinupristin-dalfopristin 4 mg ⁄ L (BP), 9.50 mg ⁄ L (C max ); and linezolid 8 mg ⁄ L (BP), 15.7 mg ⁄ L (C max ), 3.84 mg ⁄ L (C min ) [10][11][12][13][14].…”