“…In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the IQPSO improvement algorithm proposed in this paper in solving ED problems, simulation experiments were conducted using four power systems of different sizes and compared with several intelligent algorithms, including the traditional QPSO algorithm [57], G-QPSO [58], GWO [44], SCA [59], PSO-BAAC [42], IMPSO [60], IDE [38], and AM-DE [61]. For the decreasing of the parameter slope K in (18), two decreasing strategies are used in the simulation experiments, one is the exponential decreasing strategy IQPSO-K1 according to (19) and the other is the quadratic decreasing strategy IQPSO-K2 according to (20). In each sample, each intelligent algorithm was set to run a total of 50 times, resulting in maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation values for 50 separate runs, and this was used to compare the performance of each algorithm.…”