Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis is Superior to
            <i>Spa</i>
            Typing and Sufficient to Characterize MRSA for Surveillance Purposes

Bosch, Thijs; Pluister, Gerlinde N.; Luit, Martijn van; Landman, Fabian; Santen-Verheuvel, Marga van; Schot, Corrie S.; Witteveen, Sandra; Zwaluw, Kim van der; Heck, Max; Schouls, Leo M.

doi:10.2217/fmb.15.35

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…SCC mec typing, which classifies SCC mec elements on the basis of their structural differences, is applied in several epidemiological studies of MRSA strains (Turlej et al, 2011). Molecular characterization of S .aureus is vital for the rapid identification of prevalent strains and will contribute to the control and prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings if results are provided in real time (Siegel et al, 2007; Bosch et al, 2015; O'Hara et al, 2016). Phage typing was originally used for the formal typing of S. aureus isolates, but it was gradually replaced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the most recent gold standard method for the typing of S. aureus isolates (Bannerman et al, 1995; Murchan et al, 2003; Bosch et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular characterization of S .aureus is vital for the rapid identification of prevalent strains and will contribute to the control and prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings if results are provided in real time (Siegel et al, 2007; Bosch et al, 2015; O'Hara et al, 2016). Phage typing was originally used for the formal typing of S. aureus isolates, but it was gradually replaced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the most recent gold standard method for the typing of S. aureus isolates (Bannerman et al, 1995; Murchan et al, 2003; Bosch et al, 2015). However, due to its laborious character and difficulties in exchanging data between laboratories, and the requirement for inter-laboratory standardization, PFGE was replaced by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal protein A ( spa ) typing (Harmsen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MLST is a great tool for evolutionary investigations and differentiates isolates according to nucleotide variations in 7 housekeeping genes. Spa typing, which relies only on the assessment of the number of and sequence variation in repeats at the x region of the spa gene, exhibits excellent discriminatory power and has become a useful typing tool for the sake of its ease of performance, cheaper procedure, and standardized nomenclature (Frenay et al, 1996; Koreen et al, 2004; Strommenger et al, 2008; Bosch et al, 2015; Darban-Sarokhalil et al, 2016; O'Hara et al, 2016). The spa gene contains three distinct regions: Fc, X, and C (Verwey, 1940; Harmsen et al, 2003; Goudarzi et al, 2016b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

et al. 2018

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, remains a major health problem worldwide. Molecular typing methods, such as spa typing, are vital for the control and, when typing can be made more timely, prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings. The current study aims to review the literature to report the most common clinical spa types around the world, which is important for epidemiological surveys and nosocomial infection control policies.Methods: A search via PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Scopus was conducted for original articles reporting the most prevalent spa types among S. aureus isolates. The search terms were “Staphylococcus aureus, spa typing.”Results: The most prevalent spa types were t032, t008 and t002 in Europe; t037 and t002 in Asia; t008, t002, and t242 in America; t037, t084, and t064 in Africa; and t020 in Australia. In Europe, all the isolates related to spa type t032 were MRSA. In addition, spa type t037 in Africa and t037and t437 in Australia also consisted exclusively of MRSA isolates. Given the fact that more than 95% of the papers we studied originated in the past decade there was no option to study the dynamics of regional clone emergence.Conclusion: This review documents the presence of the most prevalent spa types in countries, continents and worldwide and shows big local differences in clonal distribution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

et al. 2018

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“…However, non-typeable (NT) isolates are increasingly found in the Dutch MRSA surveillance as well as globally. Thus, to overcome the issue of NT strains, other typing method should be concurrently used to be a supportive method [60]. Malachowa et al [61] found that spa typing was more approximate to MLST approach upon comparing four genotyping methods (PFGE, MLST, MLVA and spa typing) in 59 S. aureus strains.…”

Section: Staphylococcal Protein a (Spa) Typingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping Approaches for Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus

Al-Obaidi¹,

Suhaili²,

MohdDesa³

2018

Genotyping

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Genotyping methods are vital epidemiological tools for discriminating different bacterial isolates within same species, which in turn provide useful data in tracing source of infection and disease management. There have been a revolutionary efforts in ways to distinguish between bacterial types and subtypes at molecular level utilizing DNA in the genomes. Notably, the growth of various DNA typing methods has provided innovative apparatuses for improved surveillance and outbreak investigation. Thus, early identification and genotyping are indispensable as resources for managing therapeutic treatment and the control of rapid expansion of clinically important bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been in a great attention due to its contagious nature and subjected to various typing analyses. Thus, in this chapter, we aimed to review the contribution of various genotyping methods of commonly used as well as those unique to staphylococci in understanding its epidemiology, infection and dissemination pattern, and to provide an impression of specific advantages and disadvantages of each tool.

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“…Similar clonal spread of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and MSSA (methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus) is becoming pandemic in many several communities in Africa, mostly Nigeria where animal husbandry, behavioural responses and declined demographic factors enhance continuous dissemination of staphylococcal infection with high degree of antibiotic resistance [9]. The misuse and unregulated prescription of penicillin derivatives in high and uncontrollable proportion for treating several extra-intestinal infections such as abscess, ear infections, subcutaneous tissue inflammation, nasal discharges particularly in children and postsurgical wound culminated in a high rate of resistance and continuous development of methicillin-resistance strains [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Control of Spatial Disseminated Multi-Antibiotics Resistant And Phylo-Diverse Staphylococcus Aureus Pathotypes

Akinduti

Osiyemi

Banjo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Focal dissemination of multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) Staphylococci pathotypes regulated by agr functionalities was investigated and evaluated for infection control. Non-repetitive Staphylococcus aureus strains from soft and skin infections disseminated in several communities were recovered and biotyped, assayed for biofilm and profiled for antibiotic resistance. Strains were further genotyped for spa types, virulence and resistant genes; and mapped for geospatial distribution. Clonal diversity and functional accessory gene regulators (agr) were also evaluated. Staphylococcal infection was not significant with age group (p>0.05), but high rate of MSSA (53.0%) and MRSA (1.5%) was observed. Median resistance rates were significantly differ (p=0.001) but highest 75 th percentile and media resistance rates were observed in wound infection. Resistance rate of 78.8% at MIC 50 32µg/ml and MIC 90 128µg/ml to amoxicillin-clavulanate, and more than 40% resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline with MIC 90 and MIC 50 at 32 µg/ml were observed. More than 0.83 multi-antibiotic resistance index (MARI) were observed among the strains that clustered into separate phylo-group expressing high beta- lactamase and strong biofilm production. Heterogeneous spa types t442 (wound and pus), t657 (wound), t091 (ear) and t657 (ear and wound) revealed high phylo- diversity. Only 4.6% pvl + MSSA-CC1 agr I, pvl+ MSSA-CC5 (13.6%) and pvl+ MRSA-CC7 agr II (4.6%), expressed enterotoxin; sea, sec, sed, sej, Leukocidins ( LukF-PV, lukD, lukE ), proteases (aur, slpA sspB, sspE ) and resistance genes (fosB, msr (A), bla mph(C),aphA3, sat, fosB, sdrM, Q7A4X2) . Phylogenetic related spa types of livestock origin, specifically bovine milk clustered with detected strains that were prevalent in urban communities with focal dissemination to other nearest suburbs. Clonal dissemination resistant pvl+MAR MSSA-CC1 and MRSA- CC5 encoding agr were predominant in several peri-urban communities. This require adequate geno-surveillance, population-target antimicrobial stewardship, extensive community health care intervention policy and well-structured infection control programs to prevent further focal dissemination.

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Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis is Superior to Spa Typing and Sufficient to Characterize MRSA for Surveillance Purposes

Abstract: MLVA is superior to spa typing and will suffice to characterize MRSA isolates for surveillance.

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review

Genotyping Approaches for Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus

Infection Control of Spatial Disseminated Multi-Antibiotics Resistant And Phylo-Diverse Staphylococcus Aureus Pathotypes

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