Recent developments in the major experimental vibrational-spectroscopic techniques (i.e. infrared absorption, Raman scattering, high resolution electron loss, helium atom scattering and sum frequency generation) are reviewed and illustrated with selected results. Particular emphasis is given to two important topics which have attracted much attention in recent years: (i) the complex surface reactions taking place on technologically relevant surfaces and interfaces, and (ii) vibrational dynamics with emphasis on energy dissipation at surfaces.