Multiple monolithic fiber solid‐phase microextraction based on a polymeric ionic liquid with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of steroid sex hormones in water and urine

Abstract

The development of a simple and sensitive analytical approach that combines multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction with liquid desorption followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection is proposed for the determination of trace levels of seven steroid sex hormones (estriol, 17β-estradiol, testosterone, ethinylestradiol, estrone, progesterone and mestranol) in water and urine matrices. To extract the target analytes effectively, multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction based on a polymeric ionic liquid was used to concentrate hormones. Several key extraction parameters including desorption solvent, extraction and desorption time, pH value and ionic strength in sample matrix were investigated in detail. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection were found to be in the range of 0.027-0.12 μg/L. The linear range was 0.10-200 μg/L for 17β-estradiol, 0.25-200 μg/L estriol, ethinylestradiol and estrone, and 0.50-200 μg/L for the other hormones. Satisfactory linearities were achieved for analytes with the correlation coefficients above 0.99. Acceptable method reproducibility was achieved by evaluating the repeatability and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations of both less than 8%. The enrichment factors ranged from 54- to 74-fold. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of steroid sex hormones in environmental water samples and human urines with spiking recoveries ranged from 75.6 to 116%.

Utilization of highly robust and selective crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent coatings in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for determining polar organic pollutants in waters

“…Among them, the use of functionalized PIL monolithic sorbent materials onto hollow-fiber supports of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [29] or polythene (PE) [30] has been reported. Furthermore, the use of multiple monolithic SPME fibers based on a PIL has also been recently reported, allowing the decrease of extraction times [31]. Chen et al developed a SPME fiber for HPLC based on the PIL obtained using the IL monomer 1-vinyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as crosslinker, mounted onto the surface of an anodized Ti wire [32].…”

Crosslinked polymeric ionic liquids as solid-phase microextraction sorbent coatings for high performance liquid chromatography

“…By crosslinking the PILs, the durability of the sorbent coating can be significantly enhanced, leading to a robust extraction system [13,[17][18][19]. Hybrid materials polymerized from an IL monomer and an organic/inorganic crosslinker have been applied as sorbent coatings for the analysis of various analytes in aqueous samples using SPME-HPLC [19][20][21][22]. A PIL-based monolith and its graphene oxide derivative were developed as SPME sorbent coatings for the analysis of polar endocrine disrupting chemicals and phenolic compounds with HPLC [23,24].…”

Polyurethane/polystyrene‐silica electrospun nanofibrous composite for the headspace solid‐phase microextraction of chlorophenols coupled with gas chromatography

“…The literature survey showed that various SPME fibers coated with different types of materials such as polymeric sorbents [8,10,28], carbon materials [28][29][30], ionic liquids [28,31,32], and molecularly imprinted polymers [28,33,34] have been used in extraction of analytes. However, the most frequently used materials are polymeric sorbents [28].…”