Multiple predator defence strategies in Daphnia pulex and their relation to native habitat

Boeing, Wiebke J.; Ramcharan, Charles W.; Riessen, Howard P.

doi:10.1093/plankt/fbi142

Cited by 63 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Over the 9-d assay period in which the M. sexta caterpillars remained responsive to predation risk, they did not acclimate to the presence of the predator, but did change the way in which they responded to predators. These temporally dynamic results are consistent with adaptive models of responses to predator exposure that predict combinations of antipredator strategies (38,39), and indicate that different strategies may be used over an extended period of predator exposure (10).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Compensatory mechanisms for ameliorating the fundamental trade-off between predator avoidance and foraging

Thaler

McArt²,

Kaplan

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

151

164

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Most organisms face the problem of foraging and maintaining growth while avoiding predators. Typical animal responses to predator exposure include reduced feeding, elevated metabolism, and altered development rate, all of which can be beneficial in the presence of predators but detrimental in their absence. How then do animals balance growth and predator avoidance? In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, we document that the tobacco hornworm caterpillar, Manduca sexta, reduced feeding by 30-40% owing to the risk of predation by stink bugs, but developed more rapidly and gained the same mass as unthreatened caterpillars. Assimilation efficiency, extraction of nitrogen from food, and percent body lipid content all increased during the initial phase (1-3 d) of predation risk, indicating that enhanced nutritional physiology allows caterpillars to compensate when threatened. However, we report physiological costs of predation risk, including altered body composition (decreased glycogen) and reductions in assimilation efficiency later in development. Our findings indicate that hornworm caterpillars use temporally dynamic compensatory mechanisms that ameliorate the trade-off between predator avoidance and growth in the short term, deferring costs to a period when they are less vulnerable to predation.antipredator behavior | nonconsumptive effects | predator-prey interactions | phenotypic plasticity F eeding is dangerous (1, 2). For many animals, reduced feeding is a common response to the watchful eyes of predators that exploit movement as a primary prey location cue (3, 4). In addition, metabolic rate typically increases in response to predation risk (5), potentially exacerbating the costs of reduced food intake. Organisms respond to predation risk and the corresponding food limitation through phenotypically plastic responses, including behavioral, physiological, and developmental changes (6-9). The integration of these factors to ameliorate the impacts of predator exposure has been little studied, however, especially over development during periods of chronic predation risk (10).After a period of food limitation and associated decreased growth (11, 12), many organisms increase growth through compensatory responses (13-15). Compensation after starvation can be achieved via increased consumption, increased metabolic or digestive efficiency, or altered developmental rate when food becomes available (16). Because predation risk is an important natural phenomenon that constrains foraging and induces physiological stress, compensatory mechanisms may be especially important in this context. Nonetheless, compensatory responses to predation risk, and their behavioral, physiological, and developmental underpinnings, are not well understood (17). Much of the research on responses to predator exposure has focused on behavioral changes in resource selection, where generalist foragers, such as elk and grasshoppers, switch habitat and diet use in the presence of predators (18,19). Little is known about physiological respon...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Compensatory mechanisms for ameliorating the fundamental trade-off between predator avoidance and foraging

Thaler

McArt²,

Kaplan

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

151

164

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“…From a predation experiment, D. pulex with neck teeth reduced Chaoborus's predation on them and were more likely to survive than other Daphnia without neck teeth (Tollrian, 1993). However, Daphnia individuals developed several types of inducible defenses at the same time (Boersma et al, 1998;Boeing et al, 2006). Hence, we supposed that the adaptation of Daphnia was to incorporate the integrative phenotypic plasticity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These results may suggest that the degree of inducible defense was not related to predator density, but related predators moving from sediment to the water column. Daphnia fundamentally expresses different sets of inducible defense against different predators (Boersma et al, 1998;Riessen, 1999;Boeing et al 2006). Hence, the body lengths of Daphnia become smaller to defend against fish predation, because fishes are visual predators, and prefer larger-sized prey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Daphnia has been shown to exhibit inducible defenses in numerous experimental studies by making changes in several morphological features: total body size, head spine (i.e., helmet) size, and tail spine length can change, and neckteeth can be developed (Hebert and Grewe, 1985;Dodson, 1989;Laforsch and Tollrian, 2004). Several morphological defenses occur simultaneously (Boersma et al, 1998;Boeing et al, 2006), and have been revealed using multi variable analysis to vary within species (Dennis et al, 2010). Although multivariate analysis is useful tool for analysis of complex morphological defenses, few recent studies have assessed how morphological defenses vary with the seasons in wild Daphnia population (except of Pijanowska, 1990;Sell, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degree of high phenotypic plasticity in wild populations of Daphnia in early spring

Nagano¹,

Doi²

2018

J Limnol

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Inducible defenses have been empirically known as defensive phenotypes that are triggered by predator kairomones. We hypothesized that morphological defense of wild Daphnia varies not only with predator density, but also with the predator regime in the field. We observed how the morphological defenses of two Daphnia species (D. ambigua and D. pulex) changed according to the population density in the water column at daytime of predatory insect larvae Chaoborus flavicans in Lake Fukami-ike, Japan, from February to July. In both Daphnia species, the inducible defense morphology was highly expressed in March and April. Its degree of expression decreased, and did not change with increases in predator density from May to July. These seasons are generally considered as when the number of the larvae and fish increases, and predation becomes more active due to their growth and breeding. We suggest that the degree of inducible defense of Daphnia is higher at the end of the overwintering season, when Chaoborus larvae began to inhabit the water column during the daytime and is constant in other seasons regardless of predators' regime changes. Field observation of wild populations is important for understanding the seasonal changes in the morphology, and to provide more realistic explanations of phenomena in inducible defense.

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“…A set of these specific traits as the only combination of variables comprising temporal course of density pattern, reproductive output and growth rate is defined as life history (Stearns, 1992). For some animals life-history is very plastic and it can change along with changes in the type and exertion of stressors (Boeing et al, 2006). Among many types of stressors altering life-history of the species under impact the most important ones are predation and competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different life-history trade-offs of twoDaphniaspecies (Cladocera, Crustacea) under natural conditions as the response to predation and competition

Adamczuk

2010

Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim.

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-Daphnia longispina (O. F. Mu¨ller 1785) and Daphnia cucullata (G. O. Sars 1862), despite coexisting in similar densities in the lake, showed different demographic cycles. To search the causes of such variances between the two Daphnia, selected population parameters (density, body proportions, reproductive output) were correlated with the density of five dominant and potentially competitive species of Cladocera. The same parameters were estimated in relation to predation pressure of vertebrates (planktivorous fish) and invertebrates (Leptodora kindtii (Focke 1844)). The obtained results show that competition had no apparent impact on life-histories of Daphnia. Different strategies of the two Daphnia resulted from the uneven effect of invertebrate and vertebrate predators. D. longispina that was affected by planktivorous fish and Leptodora kindtii invested in reproduction and carried big egg-clutches. D. cucullata, which was insignificantly influenced by fish, displayed low reproductive output but changed their body proportions in the process of cyclomorphosis when occurring with L. kindtii. Other life-history trade-offs altered during the year, in accordance with the intensity of predation pressure.

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Multiple predator defence strategies in Daphnia pulex and their relation to native habitat

Cited by 63 publications

References 70 publications

Compensatory mechanisms for ameliorating the fundamental trade-off between predator avoidance and foraging

Compensatory mechanisms for ameliorating the fundamental trade-off between predator avoidance and foraging

Degree of high phenotypic plasticity in wild populations of Daphnia in early spring

Different life-history trade-offs of twoDaphniaspecies (Cladocera, Crustacea) under natural conditions as the response to predation and competition

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