Multiple Sclerosis and Dental Amalgam: Case-Control Study in Ferrara, Italy

Casetta, Ilaria; Invernizzi, Matteo; Granieri, Enrico

doi:10.1159/000054773

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Similar results were found in an Italian study [100]. In a Canadian study on the relationship between amalgam and multiple sclerosis, persons with more than 15 amalgam fillings showed a higher disease rate, but this was not statistically significant [101].…”

Section: Autoimmunity In Humanssupporting

confidence: 70%

Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)

Schwenk

Klein

Templeton

2009

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)Abstract: Various chemical species of mercury differ considerably with regard to their route of absorption and their distribution in the body, yet many of them and their metabolites exhibit high-affinity binding to sulfanyl groups of proteins. Among all metals, mercury appears to have the most diverse effects on the immune system. Depending on the animal species and experimental conditions, mercury compounds may cause immunosuppression or immunostimulation, autoimmune reactions, or hypersensitivity. Mercury-sensitive strains of rats and mice are often used as model organisms to study the time course and events in autoimmunity. Within about 14 days after onset of oral mercury(II) exposure, levels of immunoglobulins E and G (IgE and IgG) increase, including autoantibodies to biomolecules such as laminin and fibrillarin. Antigen-antibody complexes are formed and are the cause of subsequent autoimmune diseases of blood vessels and organs. Mercury may induce local mercury hypersensitivity in humans, but the evidence for a role of mercury in autoimmune disease of humans is at best weak. Models for the immune effects of mercury are presented on the basis of current knowledge.

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Section: Autoimmunity In Humanssupporting

confidence: 70%

Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)

Schwenk

Klein

Templeton

2009

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…Four observational studies that met our inclusion criteria (Table 1) (9,12), three case-control (9,11,12) studies, and one cohort (10) study were found. The studies differ in methodologic qualities mainly in the manner by which MS was diagnosed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Amalgam and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Aminzadeh

Etminan²

2007

J Public Health Dent

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“…The meta-analytic summary odds ratio was 1.2 (95% CI 0.96-1.61), and significant heterogeneity existed among the effect estimates. Furthermore, several studies failed to demonstrate any significant dose-response trends between number of amalgam fillings (or duration of exposure) and risk of MS [22, 23]. …”

Section: Chemical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of environmental exposures and human autoimmune diseases: Findings from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Expert Panel Workshop

Miller

Alfredsson

Costenbader

et al. 2012

Journal of Autoimmunity

287

229

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Autoimmune diseases (AID) are a collection of many complex disorders of unknown etiology resulting in immune responses to self-antigens and are thought to result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Here we review the epidemiologic evidence for the role of environmental factors in the development of human AID, the conclusions that can be drawn from the existing data, critical knowledge gaps, and research needed to fill these gaps and to resolve uncertainties. We specifically summarize the state of knowledge and our levels of confidence in the role of specific agents in the development of autoimmune diseases, and we define the areas of greatest impact for future investigations. Among our consensus findings we are confident that: 1) crystalline silica exposure can contribute to the development of several AID; 2) solvent exposure can contribute to the development of systemic sclerosis; 3) smoking can contribute to the development of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis; and 4) an inverse association exists between ultraviolet radiation exposure and the risk of development of multiple sclerosis. We suggest that more studies of phenotypes, genotypes, and multiple exposures are needed. Additional knowledge gaps needing investigation include: defining important windows in the timing of exposures and latencies relating to age, developmental state, and hormonal changes; understanding dose-response relationships; and elucidating mechanisms for disease development. Addressing these essential issues will require more resources to support research, particularly of rare AID, but knowledge of the risks conferred by environmental factors in specific genetic contexts could pave the way for prevention of AID in the future.

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Multiple Sclerosis and Dental Amalgam: Case-Control Study in Ferrara, Italy

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)

Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)

Dental Amalgam and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Epidemiology of environmental exposures and human autoimmune diseases: Findings from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Expert Panel Workshop

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