Multiple-voxel double-quantum lactate-edited spectroscopy using two-dimensional longitudinal Hadamard encoding

Early changes in glucose and phospholipid metabolism following apoptosis induction by IFN‐γ/TNF‐α in HT‐29 cells

“…In in vivo spectra, Lac signals can overlap considerably with lipid signals which may also change following drug treatment. However, a number of lactate editing techniques are available to the NMR spectroscopist which allow him/her to separate Lac and lipid peaks unambiguously [39–41].…”

Lactate imaging with Hadamard‐encoded slice‐selective multiple quantum coherence chemical‐shift imaging

“…Hadamard encoding has previously been shown to be an effective method for slice selection when used in combination with 2D CSI techniques (29). 2D Hadamard localization has also been shown to be effective when used in combination with multiple quantum lactate editing techniques (30). Here, a technique that combines the SelMQC‐CSI sequence with Hadamard slice selection is described.…”

Noninvasive monitoring of lactate dynamics in human forearm muscle after exhaustive exercise by1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 tesla

“…Compared to the various spectral editing approaches to measure lactate in tissues reported over the last two decades , the long‐echo approach described here is simple and the observed spectra are easy to analyze. The two new signals detected in skeletal muscle after a short period of exercise were assigned to lactate based on the following evidence.…”

“…If one could easily monitor dynamic changes in lactate and acetylcarnitine after exercise, 1 H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy at high field could become a powerful tool to explore the relationships of these complex metabolic processes. Lactate has been difficult to monitor by 1 H‐MR spectroscopy in vivo . In addition to the low levels of lactate in normal tissues, this problem is primarily due to the fact that the two resonances of lactate, the methyl resonance at 1.3 ppm and the methine resonance at 4.1 ppm, are typically hidden by the much more intense signals of lipid and water, respectively .…”

“…In addition to the low levels of lactate in normal tissues, this problem is primarily due to the fact that the two resonances of lactate, the methyl resonance at 1.3 ppm and the methine resonance at 4.1 ppm, are typically hidden by the much more intense signals of lipid and water, respectively . So far, the majority of methods for detection of lactate in vivo have been based on spectral editing, various quantum filtering, and/or polarization transfer techniques for selective observation of lactate signals while filtering out unwanted water and lipid signals, often together with potentially useful metabolite signals . However, these methods are complicated, theoretically and technically, and often involve presumptions of the precise values of the chemical shifts and the H‐H coupling for setting sequence parameters.…”