Multiplex Detection of Antibody Landscapes to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/Influenza/Common Human Coronaviruses Following Vaccination or Infection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza

Abstract

Background SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing two major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines can also now be co-administered. However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection, and vaccine co-administration remains limited. Methods We developed a 41-plex antibody immunity assay that can simultaneously characterize antibody landscapes to SARS-CoV-2/influenza/common human coronaviruses. We analyzed sera from 840 individuals (11-93 years), including sera from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive (n = 218) and negative (n = 120) cases, paired sera from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (n = 29) and infection (n = 11), and paired sera from influenza vaccination (n = 56) and RT-PCR confirmed influenza infection (n = 158) cases. Lastly, we analyzed sera collected from 377 individual that exhibited acute respiratory illness (ARI) in 2020. Results This 41-plex assay has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. It differentiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (antibody responses only to spike protein) from infection (antibody responses to both spike and nucleoprotein). No cross-reactive antibodies were detected to SARS-CoV-2 from influenza vaccination and infection, and vice versa, suggesting no interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza antibody responses. However, cross-reactive antibodies were detected between spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses that were removed by serum adsorption. Among 377 individual who exhibited ARI in 2020, 129 were influenza positive, none had serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2/influenza co-infections. Conclusions Multiplex detection of antibody landscapes can provide in-depth analysis of the antibody protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the context of other respiratory viruses including influenza.

Reciprocal enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus replication in human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids

“…Recent evidence, albeit from a small number of studies [ 41 ] indicates that individuals with SARS-CoV-2 and FLUAV co-infection have higher odds of developing more severe respiratory failure and mortality compared to patients infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or FLUAV alone. Although the global burden of SARS-CoV-2 and FLUAV co-infection is still emerging, the paucity of mechanistic data related to biology of co-infection by SARS-CoV-2 and FLUAV poses a major barrier in understanding the rate of transmission, clinical outcomes, disease severity, and development of new therapeutics [ 1 , 2 ] as we enter into the next influenza season. Various immortalized cell lines have been widely used to understand the infection biology and tropism of SARS-CoV-2 or FLUAV.…”

“…The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to pose a serious threat to public health even after high vaccination coverage globally. This is largely contributed by infection in unvaccinated individuals and reinfections in naturally infected or vaccinated individuals by circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 [ 1 , 2 ] due to the waning of immunity. It has been one of the deadliest pandemics in history, with more than 759 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6.8 million deaths [ 3 ] as of 11th March 2023.…”

Neuraminidase-Activatable NIR Fluorescent Probe for Influenza Virus Ratiometric Imaging in Living Cells and Colorimetric Detection on Cotton Swabs

“…As an efficient strategy to prevent pandemic, influenza vaccines are recommended for citizens; however, only ∼70% of older people (>65 years old) and 50% of children (6–18 years old) received vaccines in the US for the 2015–2016 season . In order to control the spread, various methods have been developed for influenza virus detection, which mainly involves hemagglutination assays, cytopathic effect assays, virus antigen tests, − nucleic acid identification, , and antibody detection. − As the gold-standard diagnostic test for virus infection, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has been widely used for screening and diagnosing; however, the PCR technique is a time-consuming and laboratory-based detection strategy, due to the temperature cycling. − Because antibodies appears in the serum a few days later than the virus infection, so antibody detecion cannot satisfy the necessity of early detection . Therefore, it is important to develop rapid and accurate approaches for influenza virus detection.…”