Navigation is a challenging problem in the area of underwater unmanned vehicles, due to the significant electronmagnetic wave attenuation and the uncertainties in underwater environments. The conventional methods, mainly implemented by acoustic devices, suffer limitations such as high cost, terrain effects and low refresh rate. In this paper, a novel low-cost underwater visual navigation method, named Integrated Visual Odometry with a Stereo Camera (IVO-S), has been investigated. Unlike pure visual odometry, the proposed method fuses the information from inertial sensors and a sonar so that it is able to work in context-sparse environments. In practical experiments, the vehicle was operated to follow specific closed-loop shapes. The Integrated Visual Odoemtry with Monocular Camera (IVO-M) method and other popular open source Visual SLAMs (Simultaneous Localisation and Mappings), such as ORB-SLAM2 and VINS-Mono, have been used to provide comparative results. The cumulative error ratio is used as the quantitative evaluation method to analyse the practical test results. It is shown that the IVO-S method is able to work in underwater sparse-feature environments with high accuracy, whilst also being a low cost solution.
INDEX TERMSUnderwater navigation, underwater vehicles, visual-inertial odometry, sensor fusion. sonar imaging, and wireless sensor networks at Newcastle University, in 2007, where he is currently a Senior Lecturer of communications and signal processing with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. He has published over 100 conference and journal publications and his work on underwater acoustic communication and positioning has been commercialised by three U.K. companies. His research interests include underwater acoustic signal processing and device design, wireless communication networks, and biomedical instrumentation. ROSE NORMAN (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Leeds University, U.K., in 1989, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Bradford University, U.K., in 1990 and 1994, respectively. She was the Principle Engineer at Switched Reluctance Drives Ltd., in 2004, where she is currently a Senior Lecturer with the School of Engineering. Her research interests include underwater vehicles, marine robotics and automation, and marine applications of data analytics and machine learning.