Multivariate differentiation of parapatric and allopatric populations of threespine stickleback in the Sangan River watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands

Reimchen, T. E.; Stinson, E. M.; Nelson, Joseph S.

doi:10.1139/z85-441

Cited by 143 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Both of the large-effect gill raker QTL had regionally specific effects, the QTL on right chromosome 4 controlling anterior ventral gill raker number and spacing and the chromosome 20 raker QTL controlling strictly ventral gill raker number (Figure 4 and Figure S2). This decoupling of the genetic control of dorsal and ventral gill rakers is also consistent with a previous ecological study that found ventral, but not dorsal, gill raker number to have predictive value in discriminating different wild freshwater populations, perhaps reflecting population-specific diets (Reimchen et al 1985). The anatomical specificity of QTL might be even more complex; even within the ventral domain, the chromosome 20 raker QTL had regional effects, controlling only lateral and middle, but not medial spacing ( Figure S2).…”

Section: Regional Control Of Skeletal Anatomysupporting

confidence: 90%

Modular Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks Is Controlled by Additive and Clustered Quantitative Trait Loci

et al. 2014

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Understanding the genetic architecture of evolutionary change remains a long-standing goal in biology. In vertebrates, skeletal evolution has contributed greatly to adaptation in body form and function in response to changing ecological variables like diet and predation. Here we use genome-wide linkage mapping in threespine stickleback fish to investigate the genetic architecture of evolved changes in many armor and trophic traits. We identify .100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the pattern of serially repeating skeletal elements, including gill rakers, teeth, branchial bones, jaws, median fin spines, and vertebrae. We use this large collection of QTL to address long-standing questions about the anatomical specificity, genetic dominance, and genomic clustering of loci controlling skeletal differences in evolving populations. We find that most QTL (76%) that influence serially repeating skeletal elements have anatomically regional effects. In addition, most QTL (71%) have at least partially additive effects, regardless of whether the QTL controls evolved loss or gain of skeletal elements. Finally, many QTL with high LOD scores cluster on chromosomes 4, 20, and 21. These results identify a modular system that can control highly specific aspects of skeletal form. Because of the general additivity and genomic clustering of major QTL, concerted changes in both protective armor and trophic traits may occur when sticklebacks inherit either marine or freshwater alleles at linked or possible "supergene" regions of the stickleback genome. Further study of these regions will help identify the molecular basis of both modular and coordinated changes in the vertebrate skeleton. U NDERSTANDING the quantitative genetic architecture underlying evolutionary change in nature remains a major goal in genetics. The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in experimental data from various model systems, generating vigorous debate over the relative importance of coding vs. regulatory alleles, the prevalence of pleiotropy, and the role of large-effect mutations during adaptation to new environments (Stern and Orgogozo 2008;Streisfeld and Rausher 2011;Rockman 2012).One particularly interesting genetic architecture found in several natural systems is close linkage of loci controlling multiple, often coadaptive, phenotypes. Such trait clusters, sometimes called "supergenes," have been observed in primroses (Darwin 1877;Mather 1950;Li et al. 2011), butterflies (Clarke et al. 1968Mallet 1989;Joron et al. 2006), snails (Murray and Clarke 1976), and fish (Winge 1927;Protas et al. 2008;Roberts et al. 2009;Tripathi et al. 2009). Trait clusters could result from recombination suppression (Noor et al. 2001), for example through chromosomal inversions (Lowry and Willis 2010;Joron et al. 2011;Fishman et al. 2013). Alternatively, trait clusters could result from tightly linked loci or pleiotropic effects of individual genes (Mallet 1989;Studer and Doebley 2011 Cis-regulatory changes may predominate during morphological evoluti...

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Section: Regional Control Of Skeletal Anatomysupporting

confidence: 90%

Modular Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks Is Controlled by Additive and Clustered Quantitative Trait Loci

et al. 2014

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“…Therefore, transformation of absolute measurements to size-independent shape characters was performed before the final analysis. In order to eliminate any variation resulting from allometric growth, all morphometric characters were therefore adjusted to an overall mean standard length of 12.63 cm according to the following equation (Reimchen et al, 1985;Senar et al, 1994):…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric and meristic variation in two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) inhabiting Malaysian coastal waters

Das

Bakar

Temple

et al. 2010

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:A simple yet useful criterion based on external markings and/or number of dorsal spines is currently used to differentiate two congeneric archer fish species Toxotes chatareus and Toxotes jaculatrix. Here we investigate other morphometric and meristic characters that can also be used to differentiate these two species. Principal component and/or discriminant functions revealed that meristic characters were highly correlated with pectoral fin ray count, number of lateral line scales, as well as number of anal fin rays. The results indicate that T. chatareus can be distinguished from T. jaculatrix by having a greater number of lateral line scales, a lower number of pectoral fin rays, and a higher number of anal fin rays. In contrast, morphometric discriminant analyses gave relatively low distinction: 76.1% of fish were ascribed to the correct species cluster. The observed morphometric differences came from the dorsal and anal spines lengths, with T. chatareus having shorter dorsal and longer anal spines than T. jaculatrix. Overall, meristic traits were more useful than morphometrics in differentiating the two species; nevertheless, meristics and morphometrics together provide information about the morphological differentiation between these two closely related archer fishes.

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“…In the present paper, we empirically investigate whether adaptive divergence represents a compromise between selection and gene flow for conspecific fish populations that reside in adjacent lakes and streams. Adaptive divergence between these environments has been documented for threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; Moodie 1972a,b;Reimchen et al 1985;Lavin and McPhail 1993), juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; Swain and Holtby 1989), adult anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka; Hendry et al 2000), and adult nonanadromous kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka; Taylor et al 1997). Lake and stream population pairs obviously experience divergent selection but, because of their proximity, they may also exchange many migrants (e.g., Hendry et al 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parapatric lake and stream stickleback have been described for three systems in British Columbia: Drizzle and Mayer Lakes on the Queen Charlotte Islands (Moodie 1972a,b;Reimchen et al 1985) and Misty Lake on Vancouver Island (Lavin and McPhail 1993;Thompson et al 1997). In each case, stream-dwelling fish have deeper bodies for their length (i.e., less streamlined) and fewer gill rakers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More gill rakers are better suited for feeding on planktonic prey and fewer gill rakers for feeding on benthic macro-invertebrates (Bentzen and McPhail 1984;Lavin and McPhail 1986), with zooplankton predominating in lakes and benthic macro-invertebrates predominating in streams (Hagen and Gilbertson 1972;Gross and Anderson 1984). Lake-stream pairs may also differ in a host of other traits: body size, coloration, lateral plate number, and pelvic spine length (Moodie 1972a;Reimchen et al 1985;Lavin and McPhail 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

2002

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Abstract. We investigated the interplay between natural selection and gene flow in the adaptive divergence of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that reside parapatrically in lakes and streams. Within the Misty Lake system (Vancouver Island, British Columbia), stickleback from the inlet stream (flowing into the lake) have fewer gill rakers and deeper bodies than stickleback from the lake-differences thought to facilitate foraging (benthic macroinvertebrates in the stream vs. zooplankton in the open water of the lake). Common-garden experiments demonstrated that these differences have a genetic basis. Reciprocal transplant enclosure experiments showed that lake and inlet stickleback grow best in their home environments (although differences were subtle and often not significant). Release-recapture experiments in the inlet showed that lake fish are less well-suited than inlet fish for life in the stream (higher mortality or emigration in lake fish). Morphological divergence in the wild and under common rearing was greater between the lake and the inlet than between the lake and the outlet. Genetic divergence (mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites) was greatest between the lake and the upper inlet (1.8 km upstream from the lake), intermediate between the lake and the lower inlet (0.9 km upstream), and least between the lake and the outlet stream (1.2 km downstream). Relative levels of gene flow estimated from genetic data showed the inverse pattern. The negative association between morphological divergence and gene flow is consistent with the expectation that gene flow can constrain adaptation. Estimated absolute levels of gene flow also implied a constraint on adaptation in the outlet but not the inlet. Our results suggest that natural selection promotes the adaptive divergence of lake and stream stickleback, but that the magnitude of divergence can be constrained by gene flow.

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Multivariate differentiation of parapatric and allopatric populations of threespine stickleback in the Sangan River watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands

Cited by 143 publications

References 20 publications

Modular Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks Is Controlled by Additive and Clustered Quantitative Trait Loci

Modular Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks Is Controlled by Additive and Clustered Quantitative Trait Loci

Morphometric and meristic variation in two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) inhabiting Malaysian coastal waters

Adaptive Divergence and the Balance Between Selection and Gene Flow: Lake and Stream Stickleback in the Misty System

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