Mumps

Abstract

Mumps is a common childhood infection caused by the mumps virus. The hallmark of infection is swelling of the parotid gland. Aseptic meningitis and encephalitis are common complications of mumps together with orchitis and oophoritis, which can arise in adult men and women, respectively; other complications include deafness and pancreatitis. Clinical diagnosis can be based on the classic parotid swelling; however, this feature is not present in all cases of mumps and can also occur in various other disorders. Laboratory diagnosis is based on isolation of virus, detection of viral nucleic acid, or serological confirmation (generally presence of IgM mumps antibodies). Mumps is vaccine-preventable, and one dose of mumps vaccine is about 80% effective against the disease. Routine vaccination has proven highly effective in reducing the incidence of mumps, and is presently used by most developed countries; however, there have been outbreaks of disease in vaccinated populations. In 2005, a large epidemic peaked in the UK, and in 2006 the American midwest had several outbreaks. In both countries, the largest proportion of cases was in young adults. In the UK, susceptible cohorts too old to have been vaccinated and too young to have been exposed to natural infections were the primary cause of the mumps epidemic. In the USA, effectiveness and uptake in combination appear not to have been sufficient to obtain herd immunity for mumps in populations such as college students.

The association between the incidence of mumps and meteorological parameters in Taiwan

“…1 It has been shown that the incidence of mumps is influenced by the level of temperature and humidity. 14,20 Increases in temperature and humidity improve the duration of virus survival and virulence in the environment, 8,14 which consequently increases the opportunities for hosts to become infected with mumps. 21,22 In this study, the occurrence of mump virus infection began to increase at 20 C and began to decline if the temperatures were higher than approximately 25 C, producing an inverted V-shaped relationship.…”

“…4,5 Up to 42% of patients with mumps suffer from at least one of the following complications: orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, and deafness. [5][6][7][8] Similar to many infectious diseases, the number of reported mump cases exhibits a seasonal variation that has been well recognized in various countries. For example, a distinct seasonal variation was detected in the USA, with a peak occurring in April.…”

Characteristics of a large mumps outbreak: Clinical severity, complications and association with vaccination status of mumps outbreak cases

“…Complications include orchitis (post-pubertal), meningoencephalitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, sensorineural deafness, nephritis, arthritis, thyroiditis, myocarditis and rarely death. 1,2 The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced into many national immunization programs in the 1970s-80s; with adequate vaccination coverage, mumps incidence declined considerably. Subsequent implementation of a 2-dose schedule aimed to cover primary failure, provide boosting and improve coverage.…”

“…Subsequent implementation of a 2-dose schedule aimed to cover primary failure, provide boosting and improve coverage. [1][2][3][4] In Israel, the mumps vaccine was introduced into the schedule in 1984 and halted in 1985. In December 1988, the MMR vaccine was instituted at 15 months.…”

Mumps virus pathogenesis: Insights and knowledge gaps

“…Analysis of large diagnostic datasets including saliva and urine specimens from twice MMR vaccinated mumps patients shows that high salivary viral loads at day of onset of disease is positively associated with mumps virus shedding in urine and with the occurrence of bilateral parotitis and orchitis. 30,31 The dissemination of mumps virus needs further study, as the virus has only been sporadically detected in blood during infection. 11,27,32 It has been suggested that mumps virus targets T cells, because the virus has a high affinity for T cells and efficiently replicates in these cells.…”