Municipal Waste Management Strategy Review and Waste-to-Energy Potentials in New Zealand

Abstract

Municipal waste management and Waste-to-Energy (WtE) potentials in New Zealand are discussed. The existing main waste management strategy of New Zealand is to reduce, reuse and recycle waste. Most of the remaining waste is currently disposed of in landfills. WtE options were explored in this study as a more sustainable waste treatment alternative in the country, while making use of the annual 30.8 petajoule of available waste energy in New Zealand. Four WtE technology options were discussed and compared, namely incineration, anaerobic digestion, gasification and pyrolysis. The aspects in comparison were air pollution, cost, side products, capacity, commercial maturity, energy efficiency and type of waste treated. Special emphasis was given to environment-friendliness and cost. From the comparison, it was found that anaerobic digestion seems to be the most attractive solution for the country as it is environment-friendly, economical and the concept is consistent with New Zealand’s existing waste management strategy. The major limitations of anaerobic digestion are its low energy production efficiency and its limited waste treatment capacity. Hence, an effective national waste reduction and recycling strategy is crucial for the success of this waste management option.

Gasification of wastes: The impact of the feedstock type and co‐gasification on the formation of volatiles and char

“…Incineration is another traditional process to convert the municipal waste into electricity. However, it produces dioxins, acidic gases, and toxic heavy metals, harmful for human health …”

“…Gasification process has been studied since mid‐1800s to convert coal and biomass into flammable gases . The gas obtained from the gasification can be used as a fuel or can be converted to the chemicals after purification processes . Furthermore, it can be transferred from the plant to elsewhere by pipelines .…”

“…However, it produces dioxins, acidic gases, and toxic heavy metals, harmful for human health. [10][11][12] Correction added on 5 February 2020. The city in the first affiliation was incorrect and has been amended in this version.…”

“…[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The gas obtained from the gasification can be used as a fuel or can be converted to the chemicals after purification processes. [10][11][12] Furthermore, it can be transferred from the plant to elsewhere by pipelines. [10][11][12] Gasification is a mature technology.…”

“…[10][11][12] Furthermore, it can be transferred from the plant to elsewhere by pipelines. [10][11][12] Gasification is a mature technology. 23 Its main problem is the separation of tar from gaseous product, which has been well studied in the literature, and the production of heat and power from gasification process is commercialized.…”