Murine patellar tendon biomechanical properties and regional strain patterns during natural tendon-to-bone healing after acute injury

Gilday, Steven D.; Casstevens, E. Chris; Kenter, Keith; Shearn, Jason T.; Butler, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.029

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Boivin et al . reported the failure force of intact murine Achilles tendon to be 8.1 ± 0.6 N, and the failure force of the mouse patellar tendon is reported to be 4.73 ± 1.03 N . Measurements of failure force for intact patellar ligament and anterior cruciate ligament using our laboratory's standard methodology (unpublished work in progress) are comparable to the reported failure forces for these murine tendons and ligaments .…”

Section: Murine Rc Repair Modelsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…105 The reported failure force in the Bell et al model for intact SS tendon is, however, unusually low compared to other reported measurements for other murine tendons. 105 Boivin et al reported the failure force of intact murine Achilles tendon to be 8.1 ± 0.6 N, 129 and the failure force of the mouse patellar tendon is reported to be 4.73 ± 1.03 N. 130 Measurements of failure force for intact patellar ligament and anterior cruciate ligament using our laboratory's standard methodology (unpublished work in progress) are comparable to the reported failure forces for these murine tendons and ligaments. 129,130 Although SS tendon is not of the same size as patellar and Achilles tendons, it is unlikely that its failure force would be lower to this extent.…”

Section: Murine Rc Repair Modelsupporting

confidence: 57%

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Animal models for rotator cuff repair

Lebaschi

Deng

Zong

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Rotator cuff (RC) injuries represent a significant source of pain, functional impairment, and morbidity. The large disease burden of RC pathologies necessitates rapid development of research methodologies to treat these conditions. Given their ability to model anatomic, biomechanical, cellular, and molecular aspects of the human RC, animal models have played an indispensable role in reducing injury burden and advancing this field of research for many years. The development of animal models in the musculoskeletal (MSK) research arena is uniquely different from that in other fields in that the similarity of macrostructures and functions is as critical to replicate as cellular and molecular functions. Traditionally, larger animals have been used because of their anatomic similarity to humans and the ease of carrying out realistic surgical procedures. However, refinement of current molecular methods, introduction of novel research tools, and advancements in microsurgical techniques have increased the applicability of small animal models in MSK research. In this paper, we review RC animal models and emphasize a murine model that may serve as a valuable instrument for future RC tendon repair investigations.

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Section: Murine Rc Repair Modelsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Murine Rc Repair Modelsupporting

confidence: 57%

Animal models for rotator cuff repair

Lebaschi

Deng

Zong

et al. 2016

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…These readings are considerably above the failure forces of murine tendons and ligaments, including Achilles and patellar tendons, and therefore, it is improbable for a mouse to generate such a force. For example, Boivin et al reported the failure force of intact murine Achilles tendon to be 8.1 AE 0.6 N. The failure force of the mouse patellar tendon is reported to be 4.73 AE 1.03 N. 19,20 Our unpublished measurements of failure force for intact mouse patellar tendon and ACL using our standard methodology are comparable to these reported failure forces.…”

Section: Cadaveric Testingsupporting

confidence: 72%

Restriction of Postoperative Joint Loading in a Murine Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Botulinum Toxin Paralysis and External Fixation

et al. 2016

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Control of knee motion in small animal models is necessary to study the effect of mechanical load on the healing process. This can be especially challenging in mice, which are being increasingly used for various orthopedic reconstruction models. We explored the feasibility of botulinum toxin (Botox; Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) paralysis and a newly designed external fixator to restrict motion of the knee in mice undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Nineteen C57BL/6 mice were allocated to two groups: (1) Botox group ( = 9) and (2) external fixator group ( = 10). Mice in Botox group received two different doses of Botox: 0.25 unit ( = 3) and 0.5 unit ( = 6). Injection was performed 72 hours prior to ACL reconstruction into the quadriceps, hamstring, and calf muscles of the right hind leg. Mice in external fixator group received an external fixator following ACL reconstruction. Mice were monitored for survival, tolerance, and achievement of complete knee immobilization. All mice were meant for sacrifice on day 14 postoperatively. No perceptible change in gait was observed with 0.25 unit of Botox. All mice that received 0.5 unit of Botox had complete hind limb paralysis documented by footprint analysis 2 days after injection but failed to tolerate anesthesia and were euthanized 24 hours after operation due to their critical condition. In contrast, the external fixator was well tolerated and effectively immobilized the limb. There was a single occurrence of intraoperative technical error in the external fixator group that led to euthanasia. No mechanical failure or complication was observed. Botox paralysis was not a viable option for postoperative restriction of motion and joint loading in mice. However, external fixation was an effective method for complete knee immobilization and can be used in murine models requiring postoperative control of knee loading. This study introduces a robust research tool to allow control of postoperative joint loading in animal models such as ACL reconstruction, permitting study of the effects of mechanical load on the biologic aspects of tendon-to-bone healing.

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“…Biomechanical testing was performed as previously described . Briefly, central width (48.7 ± 2.7% of full width) patella‐PT‐tibia units were dissected from each animal (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following avulsion of tendon from the bone, natural healing, traditional surgical repair, and current tissue engineering strategies result in disorganized scar tissue that does not restore this integrated network of aligned collagen fibers embedded in mineralized fibrocartilage . Such disorganized scar tissue likely explains the increased insertion strains that persist into later stages of healing . Understanding the normal development and maturation of these structures may lead to novel insights into how to address the limitations of current repair techniques.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ablating hedgehog signaling in tenocytes during development impairs biomechanics and matrix organization of the adult murine patellar tendon enthesis

Breidenbach

Aschbacher-Smith

et al. 2015

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Restoring the native structure of the tendon enthesis, where bundles of collagen fibrils (fibers) of the midsubstance are integrated within a fibrocartilaginous structure, is problematic following injury. As current surgical methods fail to restore this region adequately, engineers, biologists and clinicians are working to understand how this structure forms as a prerequisite to improving repair outcomes. We recently reported on the role of Indian hedgehog (Ihh), a novel enthesis marker, in regulating early postnatal enthesis formation. Here, we investigate how inactivating the Hh pathway in tendon cells affects adult (12-week) murine patellar tendon (PT) enthesis mechanics, fibrocartilage morphology and collagen fiber organization. We show that ablating Hh signaling resulted in greater than 100% increased failure insertion strain (0.10 v. 0.05 mm/mm, p < 0.01) as well as sub-failure biomechanical deficiencies. Although collagen fiber orientation appears overtly normal in the midsubstance, ablating Hh signaling reduces mineralized fibrocartilage by 32%, leading to less collagen embedded within mineralized tissue. Ablating Hh signaling also caused collagen fibers to coalesce at the insertion, which may explain in part the increased strains measured. These results indicate that Ihh signaling plays a critical role in the mineralization process of fibrocartilaginous entheses and may be a novel therapeutic to promote tendon-to-bone healing.

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Murine patellar tendon biomechanical properties and regional strain patterns during natural tendon-to-bone healing after acute injury

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Animal models for rotator cuff repair

Animal models for rotator cuff repair

Restriction of Postoperative Joint Loading in a Murine Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Botulinum Toxin Paralysis and External Fixation

Ablating hedgehog signaling in tenocytes during development impairs biomechanics and matrix organization of the adult murine patellar tendon enthesis

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