Muscarinic action of acetylcholine in the pigeon optic tectum

Wang, Shurong; Li, Zheng; Xu, Hairong

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90117-2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition to nAChR, muscarinic receptors are widely distributed in the avian tectum (Ball et al ., ). Those receptors are shown to be involved in the isthmo‐tectal circuitry (Wang et al ., , , ; Wu et al ., ; Goddard et al ., ). However, blocking of muscarinic receptors with atropine did not change tectal response to focal stimuli in our experiments at twice the concentration demonstrated to be effective in the chicken midbrain in combination with a nAChR blocker (Goddard et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition to nAChR, muscarinic influence on the avian TeO was reported (Wang et al, 1986;Wang, 2003;Goddard et al, 2012). Thus, we analysed the contribution of mAChRs to the signal evoked by a single electric pulse.…”

Section: Effects Of Machrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the pigeon's TeO, ACh usually enhances the responses of single cells to visual stimuli (Wang et al, 1986). Likewise, the majority of neurons in the rodent superior colliculus respond to ACh with inward currents (Endo et al, 2005;Sooksawate & Isa, 2006;Sooksawate et al, 2008Sooksawate et al, , 2012.…”

Section: Cholinergic System In the Teomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum

Weigel

Luksch

2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The chicken optic tectum (TeO) and its mammalian counterpart, the superior colliculus, are important sensory integration centers. Multimodal information is represented in a topographic map, which plays a role in spatial attention and orientation movements. The TeO is organised in 15 layers with clear input and output regions, and further interconnected with the isthmic nuclei (NI), which modulate the response in a winner-takes-all fashion. While many studies have analysed tectal cell types and their modulation from the isthmic system physiologically, little is known about local network activity and its modulation in the tectum. We have recently shown with voltage-sensitive dye imaging that electrical stimulation of the retinorecipient layers results in a stereotypic response, which is under inhibitory control [S. Weigel & H. Luksch (2012) J. Neurophysiol., 107, 640-648]. Here, we analysed the contribution of acetylcholine (ACh) and the NI to evoked tectal responses using a pharmacological approach in a midbrain slice preparation. Application of the nicotinic ACh receptor (AChR) antagonist curarine increased the tectal response in amplitude, duration and lateral extent. This effect was similar but less pronounced when γ-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors were blocked, indicating interaction of inhibitory and cholinergic neurons. The muscarinic AChR antagonist atropine did not change the response pattern. Removal of the NI, which are thought to be the major source of cholinergic input to the TeO, reduced the response only slightly and did not result in a disinhibition. Based on the data presented here and the neuroanatomical literature of the avian TeO, we propose a model of the underlying local circuitry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Effects Of Machrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum

Weigel

Luksch

2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Cholinergic input to the optic tectum has been well characterized in both mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates (Binns,1999). Evidence from various species suggests that ACh may play a role in the modulation of the TeO via the nucleus isthmi (Marin et al,2005; Wang et al,2006). Here we found expression of mAChR2 and mAChR3 mRNA in SVP, SGC, and SO layers of the TeO.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling glycation of recombinant antibody in fed‐batch cell cultures

Yuk¹,

Zhang²,

Yang³

et al. 2011

Biotech & Bioengineering

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Protein glycation is a non-enzymatic glycosylation that can occur to proteins in the human body, and it is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple chronic diseases. Glycation can also occur to recombinant antibodies during cell culture, which generates structural heterogeneity in the product. In a previous study, we discovered unusually high levels of glycation (>50%) in a recombinant monoclonal antibody (rhuMAb) produced by CHO cells. Prior to that discovery, we had not encountered such high levels of glycation in other in-house therapeutic antibodies. Our goal here is to develop cell culture strategies to decrease rhuMAb glycation in a reliable, reproducible, and scalable manner. Because glycation is a post-translational chemical reaction between a reducing sugar and a protein amine group, we hypothesized that lowering the concentration of glucose--the only source of reducing sugar in our fed-batch cultures--would lower the extent of rhuMAb glycation. When we decreased the supply of glucose to bioreactors from bolus nutrient and glucose feeds, rhuMAb glycation decreased to below 20% at both 2-L and 400-L scales. When we maintained glucose concentrations at lower levels in bioreactors with continuous feeds, we could further decrease rhuMAb glycation levels to below 10%. These results show that we can control glycation of secreted proteins by controlling the glucose concentration in the cell culture. In addition, our data suggest that rhuMAb glycation occurring during the cell culture process may be approximated as a second-order chemical reaction that is first order with respect to both glucose and non-glycated rhuMAb. The basic principles of this glycation model should apply to other recombinant proteins secreted during cell culture.

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Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in the brain of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus

Toscano-Márquez

Dunn

Krahe

2013

J of Comparative Neurology

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Various neuromodulators have been shown to be involved in shaping the sensory information available to the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) modulation, through muscarinic receptors, is a particularly widespread mechanism of controlling sensory information transmission. The precise effects of ACh modulation depend on the subtype of muscarinic ACh receptors that are activated. In weakly electric fish, previous work suggested a role of ACh, via muscarinic receptors, in the modulation of information transmission in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of the hindbrain. In this study, we determined which muscarinic receptor (mAChR) subtypes are present in the brain of Apteronotus leptorhynchus as well as their spatial distribution. We partially cloned three subtypes of muscarinic receptors (mAChR2, -3, and -4) from brain tissue of A. leptorhynchus and used in situ hybridization in transverse sections of the brain to determine their distributions. Sites labeled for the three muscarinic receptor mRNAs were found in various brain regions devoted to the processing of different sensory modalities. The mRNA probes for the three receptor types showed differential distribution but also overlapping presence of two or more receptors in particular nuclei. In addition to the presence of mAChR3 in the ELL region, electrosensory nuclei including the nucleus praeeminentialis, dorsal torus semicircularis and optic tectum showed expression of one or more mAChRs. Thus, the overall pattern of mAChR expression found is in agreement with mAChR expression in other species, with additional presence evident in specialized regions of the electrosensory system, which suggests an important modulating role of ACh in this sensory modality.

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Muscarinic action of acetylcholine in the pigeon optic tectum

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum

Local cholinergic interneurons modulate GABAergic inhibition in the chicken optic tectum

Controlling glycation of recombinant antibody in fed‐batch cell cultures

Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in the brain of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus

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