Muscle and Adipose Tissue Communicate with Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

In numerous body locations, muscle and adipose tissue are in close contact. Both tissues are endocrine organs that release cytokines, playing a crutial role in the control of tissue homeostasis in health and diseases. Within this context, the identification of the signals involved in muscle–fat crosstalk has been a hot topic over the last 15 years. Recently, it has been discovered that adipose tissue and muscles can release information embedded in lipid-derived nanovesicles called ‘extracellular vesicles’ (EVs), which can modulate the phenotype and the homeostasis of neighboring recipient cells. This article reviews knowledge on EVs and their involvement in the communication between adipose tissue and muscle in several body locations. Even if the works are scarce, they have revolutionized our vision in the field of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Cooked pork-derived exosome nanovesicles mediate metabolic disorder—microRNA could be the culprit

“…However, few studies on the exosomes in meat products have been reported. Exosomes are present in muscle and fat of animals in vivo is an indisputable fact [20]. The process of exosomegenesis involves the invaginations of the plasma membrane and the formation of intracellular multivesicular bodies [3].…”

Adipose-Secreted Exosomes and Their Pathophysiologic Effects on Skeletal Muscle

“…In 2009, adipose-derived exosomes were first found, which can act as a mode of communication between AT and macrophages [ 53 ]. After that, accumulating evidence indicated that adipose-derived exosomes can transfer specific cargoes from cell to cell via paracrine or endocrine signaling, thereby regulating metabolic inflammation, energy metabolism, and insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle [ 24 , 54 ]. At present, the study of AT-derived exosomes on skeletal muscle mainly focuses on the research of the cargoes (proteins and miRNAs) contained in the exosomes.…”

“…In the pathological context, insulin resistance is a key component in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. As the major insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle was proved to be regulated by adipose-derived exosomes with their cargo during the development of insulin resistance [ 24 ]. Proteomic characterization of adipocytic exosomes from diabetes animal models (OLETF) and controls (LETO) were firstly performed in rats.…”

“…Notably, exosome-carried contents such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids are highly heterogenous, depending on the origin and physiopathologic conditions of donor cells [ 23 ]. Considering the extremely secretory activity of AT, there is growing interest in studying the characteristic and function of adipose-secreted exosomes, as well as their roles in adipocyte-muscle interaction [ 24 ]. In this review, we introduce the origin and trafficking of adipose-secreted exosomes and their recent advances in research on skeletal muscle pathophysiology.…”

A high-throughput methodology for the efficient isolation of highly pure extracellular vesicles from skeletal muscle myoblasts

“…Despite evidence suggesting a diverse range of distinct regulatory functions for myoblast and myotube SM-EVs, the majority of studies to date have typically isolated heterogeneous EV fractions using protocols such as ultracentrifugation or precipitation that have often not accounted for the presence and contribution of co-isolated components such as lipoproteins and RNA binding proteins (e.g. AGO2) routinely identi ed in EV studies due to the lack of an optimal isolation method (23)(24)(25). As such, optimising effective SM-EV isolation methods with high levels of purity will be important if we are to accurately de ne their composition and functional effects in physiological and pathophysiological systems.…”