Muscle and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: Role of Protein and Vitamin D Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training

Agostini, Deborah; Zeppa, Sabrina Donati; Lucertini, Francesco; Annibalini, Giosuè; Gervasi, Marco; Marini, Carlo Ferri; Piccoli, Giovanni; Stocchi, Vilberto; Barbieri, Elena; Sestili, Piero

doi:10.3390/nu10081103

Cited by 99 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…There is also growing evidence that Vitamin D regulates many other cell functions, and its potential impact on skeletal muscle mass and strength is receiving more considerable attention. The biological actions of vitamin D on muscle cell differentiation, metabolism, and function may be multiple, acting through direct and indirect, genomic and non-genomic pathways [210]. Furthermore, athletes may exhibit vitamin D deficiency, particularly during the winter in northern countries [211].…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota

et al. 2019

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The adult gut microbiota contains trillions of microorganisms of thousands of different species. Only one third of gut microbiota are common to most people; the rest are specific and contribute to enhancing genetic variation. Gut microorganisms significantly affect host nutrition, metabolic function, immune system, and redox levels, and may be modulated by several environmental conditions, including physical activity and exercise. Microbiota also act like an endocrine organ and is sensitive to the homeostatic and physiological changes associated with training; in turn, exercise has been demonstrated to increase microbiota diversity, consequently improving the metabolic profile and immunological responses. On the other side, adaptation to exercise might be influenced by the individual gut microbiota that regulates the energetic balance and participates to the control of inflammatory, redox, and hydration status. Intense endurance exercise causes physiological and biochemical demands, and requires adequate measures to counteract oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, electrolyte imbalance, glycogen depletion, frequent upper respiratory tract infections, systemic inflammation and immune responses. Microbiota could be an important tool to improve overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels in endurance athletes. The relationship among gut microbiota, general health, training adaptation and performance, along with a focus on sport supplements which are known to exert some influence on the microbiota, will be discussed.

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Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota

et al. 2019

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“…Muscle and bone tissues have a close developmental and functional relationship . Accumulating evidence shows that both muscle and bone have endocrine and paracrine properties and that muscle and bone cells secrete numerous biochemical compounds that interact with each other . According to the biomechanical coupling theory, bone adapts its mass, architecture, and strength to changes in stress and strain induced by gravitational loading and muscle activity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle and bone mass in middle‐aged women: role of menopausal status and physical activity

Sipilä

Törmäkangas

Sillanpää

et al. 2020

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

130

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Background Women experience drastic hormonal changes during midlife due to the menopausal transition. Menopausal hormonal changes are known to lead to bone loss and potentially also to loss of lean mass. The loss of muscle and bone tissue coincide due to the functional relationship and interaction between these tissues. If and how physical activity counteracts deterioration in muscle and bone during the menopausal transition remains partly unresolved. This study investigated differences between premenopausal, early perimenopausal, late perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women in appendicular lean mass (ALM), appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) and T score. Furthermore, we investigated the simultaneous associations of ALM and BMD with physical activity in the above‐mentioned menopausal groups. Methods Data from the Estrogen Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis study were utilized. In total, 1393 women aged 47–55 years were assigned to premenopausal, early perimenopausal, late perimenopausal, and postmenopausal groups based on follicle‐stimulating hormone concentration and bleeding diaries. Of them, 897 were scanned for ALM and femoral neck BMD by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and ALMI (ALM/height2) and neck T scores calculated. Current level of leisure‐time physical activity was estimated by a validated self‐report questionnaire and categorized as sedentary, low, medium, and high. Results Appendicular lean mass, appendicular lean mass index, femoral neck bone mineral density, and and T score showed a significant linear declining trend across all four menopausal groups. Compared with the postmenopausal women, the premenopausal women showed greater ALM (18.2, SD 2.2 vs. 17.8, SD 2.1, P < 0.001), ALMI (6.73, SD 0.64 vs. 6.52, SD 0.62, P < 0.001), neck BMD (0.969, SD 0.117 vs. 0.925, SD 0.108, P < 0.001), and T score (−0.093, SD 0.977 vs −0.459, SD 0.902, P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding pathways, a higher level of physical activity was associated with greater ALM among the premenopausal [β = 0.171; confidence interval (CI) 95% 0.063–0.280], late perimenopausal (β = 0.289; CI 95% 0.174–0.403), and postmenopausal (β=0.278; CI 95% 0.179–0.376) women. The positive association between femoral neck BMD and level of physical activity was significant only among the late perimenopausal women (β = 0.227; CI 95% 0.097–0.356). Conclusions Skeletal muscle and bone losses were associated with the menopausal transition. A higher level of physical activity during the different menopausal phases was beneficial, especially for skeletal muscle. Menopause‐related hormonal changes predispose women to sarcopenia and osteoporosis and further to mobility disability and fall‐related fractures in later life. New strategies are needed to promote physical activity among middle‐aged women. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these results.

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“…In humans, systematic exercise programs under the principle of frequency, intensity, time/duration, type, volume, and progression (FITT-VP) were established in the field of sports and exercise science [6,7]. Studies on aerobic fitness, musculoskeletal disease, and motor functions have been actively reported [8]. e principles of FITT-VP are essential for designing effective exercise programs [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Novel Continuous and Interval Exercise Programs by Applying the FITT-VP Principle in Dogs

Lee

Kim

et al. 2020

The Scientific World Journal

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Although proper exercise training induces positive physiological effects, improper exercise can lead to injury, fatigue, and poor performance. The frequency, intensity, time/duration, type, volume, and progression (FITT-VP) are the essential components of exercise training to maintain or improve physical fitness and health. The purpose of this study was to develop specific exercise programs by applying the FITT-VP principle and to examine the effects on heart rate (HR) and hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs. The healthy male Beagles (n = 4) included in this study performed continuous and interval exercises, comprising 12 protocols. The HR monitoring elicited an affirmative response to activities but varied depending on the protocols. The hematologic parameters (e.g., red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) were within the reference ranges both before and after exercise. The creatine kinase level significantly increased, and the cholesterol level decreased after exercises. In conclusion, the continuous and interval exercise program elicits an appropriate HR reaction, has no adverse effects on the serum parameters, and provides valuable insight for healthcare in dogs.

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Muscle and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: Role of Protein and Vitamin D Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training

Cited by 99 publications

References 139 publications

Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota

Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota

Muscle and bone mass in middle‐aged women: role of menopausal status and physical activity

Development of Novel Continuous and Interval Exercise Programs by Applying the FITT-VP Principle in Dogs

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