Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players

Mohr, Magni; Draganidis, Dimitrios; Chatzinikolaou, Athanasios; Barbero-Álvarez, José C.; Castagna, Carlo; Douroudos, Ioannis; Avloniti, Alexandra; Margeli, Alexandra; Papassotiriou, Ioannis; Flouris, Andreas D.; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z.; Krustrup, Peter; Fatouros, Ioannis G.

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3245-2

Cited by 173 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…In the present study, the reduced perception of muscle soreness following acute exercise when n-3PUFA were added to a mixed ingredient beverage did not appear to be mediated by a reduced systemic inflammatory response to exercise. Consistent with previous studies that utilised a simulated soccer matchplay protocol (Mohr et al, 2016), serum CRP concentrations increased 24 hours post-exercise before returning to baseline levels after 48 hours. However, no difference in serum CRP concentrations were reported during acute exercise recovery between test drink conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Philpott

Donnelly

Walshe

et al. 2018

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Soccer players often experience eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage given the physical demands of soccer match-play. Since long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) enhance muscle sensitivity to protein supplementation, dietary supplementation with a combination of fish oil-derived n-3PUFA, protein and carbohydrate may promote exercise recovery. This study examined the influence of adding n-3PUFA to a whey protein, leucine and carbohydrate containing beverage over a 6 week supplementation period on physiological markers of recovery measured over 3 days following eccentric exercise. Competitive soccer players were assigned to one of three conditions (2 × 200mL): FO (n=10) contained n-3PUFA (1100mg DHA/EPA -approx. 550mg DHA, 550mg EPA), whey protein (15g), leucine (1.8g) and carbohydrate (20g); PRO (n=10) contained whey protein (15g), leucine (1.8g) and carbohydrate (20g) and CHO (n=10) contained carbohydrate (24g). Eccentric exercise consisted of unilateral knee extension/flexion contractions on both legs separately. Maximal force production was impaired by 22% during the 72 hour recovery period following eccentric exercise (p<0.05). Muscle soreness, expressed as AUC during 72 hour recovery, was less in FO (1948±1091 mm×72 h) than PRO (4640±2654 mm×72h, p<0.05) and CHO (4495±1853 mm×72h p=0.10). Blood concentrations of creatine kinase, expressed as AUC, were ~60% lower in FO compared to CHO (p<0.05) and tended to be lower (~39%, p = 0.07) than PRO.No differences in muscle function, soccer performance or blood c-reactive protein concentrations were observed between groups. In conclusion, the addition of n-3PUFA to a beverage containing whey protein, leucine and carbohydrate ameliorates the increase in muscle soreness and blood concentrations of creatine kinase following eccentric exercise in competitive soccer players.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Philpott

Donnelly

Walshe

et al. 2018

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…In elite soccer players, knee range of motion was reduced until 48 hours postmatch. 43 Similarly, Mohr et al 54 found knee-joint range of motion declined 7% at both 24 and 48 hours postmatch. Moreover, structural assessments quantifying hip/groin extensibility have shown good reliability and validity after match play in youth soccer players.…”

Section: Joint Range Of Motion/flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice

Thorpe¹,

Atkinson²,

Drust³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

227

229

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The increase in competition demands in elite team sports over recent years has prompted much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of adaptation and fatigue in athletes. Monitoring fatigue and gaining an understanding of athlete status may also provide insights and beneficial information pertaining to player availability, injury, and illness risk. Traditional methods used to quantify recovery and fatigue in team sports, such as maximal physical-performance assessments, may not be feasible to detect variations in fatigue status throughout competitive periods. Faster, simpler, and nonexhaustive tests such as athlete self-report measures, autonomic nervous system response via heart-rate-derived indices, and to a lesser extent, jump protocols may serve as promising tools to quantify and establish fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes. The robust rationalization and precise detection of a meaningful fluctuation in these measures are of paramount importance for practitioners working alongside athletes and coaches on a daily basis. There are various methods for arriving at a minimal clinically important difference, but these have been rarely adopted by sport scientists and practitioners. The implementation of appropriate, reliable, and sensitive measures of fatigue can provide important information to key stakeholders in team-sport environments. Future research is required to investigate the sensitivity of these tools to fundamental indicators such as performance, injury, and illness.Keywords: training, performance, wellness, recovery, injury, illness Elite team-sport athletes, particularly those in the professional football codes, are exposed to high competition loads, particularly in recent years. These high loads reflect a number of factors, including an increased frequency of domestic competitions, particularly for higher-level athletes, as well as a higher intensity of competition due to enhanced player preparation strategies. 1 Higher loads may also result from the increased demands of international competition during both the domestic season and the off-season period.An increased availability of athletes for selection, as a result of a reduction in injuries, substantially increases a team's chance of success. 2 Therefore, injury prevention strategies are fundamental to the work of the athlete's support team. Routine modifications in training load (frequency, duration, intensity) occur during the training cycle and these subsequently increase or decrease fatigue. Management of fatigue is important in mediating adaption to training and ensuring the athlete is prepared for competition, 3 as well as for reducing the athletes' susceptibility to nonfunctional overreaching, injury, and illness. 4 The importance of managing athlete fatigue has led to an increase in interest in monitoring athlete loads, particularly in terms of the measures which may offer insights into whether the athlete is adapting positively or negatively to the collective stresses of training and competition. In the pr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, during the inflammatory process, the blood flow velocity is reduced, which allows the interaction of circulating cells with endothelial cells expressing surface molecules capable of binding to leukocytes [5]. It is also important to note that during exercise and post-exercise there is a release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 that can remain elevated for a period of 24-48 hours [6], and concomitantly act as endogenous pyrogens, thus contributing to the increase of the internal temperature [5].Considering the factors that trigger the inflammatory process, which consequently alter the skin temperature, it has been proposed the assessment of skin temperature through IRT as an indirect way of measuring muscle damage caused by different types of exercise, especially those with eccentric characteristics. Therefore, the use of IRT can be used as a noninvasive way of measuring body's responses (heat) to the inflammatory process, and can provide valuable information about how the external load was assimilated by the athlete.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Infrared Thermography in the Assessment of Muscle Damage in Elite Soccer Athletes

Fernandes¹

2017

MOJOR

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Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com demonstrated a significant increase in t sk assessed through IRT after physical effort, which could be an indicator of muscular wear, evidencing the athlete's physical exhaustion [2,3]. DiscussionThe acute inflammatory response presented after soccer matches results in the appearance of some cardinal signals produced by the organism such as: heat, redness, pain and swelling [4]. The redirection of arterial blood flow to the exercised muscle generates a higher muscle temperature and a greater local cutaneous vasodilation. This process is followed by a sensation of perceived heat, as well as the redness due to the greater number of erythrocytes that transited in the affected area [4]. In addition, during the inflammatory process, the blood flow velocity is reduced, which allows the interaction of circulating cells with endothelial cells expressing surface molecules capable of binding to leukocytes [5]. It is also important to note that during exercise and post-exercise there is a release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 that can remain elevated for a period of 24-48 hours [6], and concomitantly act as endogenous pyrogens, thus contributing to the increase of the internal temperature [5].Considering the factors that trigger the inflammatory process, which consequently alter the skin temperature, it has been proposed the assessment of skin temperature through IRT as an indirect way of measuring muscle damage caused by different types of exercise, especially those with eccentric characteristics. Therefore, the use of IRT can be used as a noninvasive way of measuring body's responses (heat) to the inflammatory process, and can provide valuable information about how the external load was assimilated by the athlete. Therefore, it would be important to study the potential of this strategy for controlling the training load of high performance athletes [7].It is important to emphasize that muscular and cutaneous vasodilatation lead to increased blood flow in the exercised limb. However this is not the only reason for the increase in T sk . In fact, the highest blood supply during exercise, with arterial blood at a higher temperature in muscle and skin, is the main factor that promotes the increase of T sk . For example, in resting conditions, the expected blood temperature range is 36.8-37.9 °C [8] and consequently the displacement of this blood flow at a higher temperature in exercised subjects will result in a higher muscle and skin temperatures [9]. Fernandes et al.[2] studied the T sk changes after a professional football match of the Brazilian championship of the First National Division. The T sk 24 hours after the game ranged from 2.0 °C to 2.5°C higher in the posterior area of the thighs than before the game. However, no evidence of injury was identified by the medical staff. Therefore, the authors concluded that the increase of T sk after the AbstractThe participation in a soccer match may result in a large number of microinjuries leading to a number ...

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Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players

Cited by 173 publications

References 68 publications

Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice

Application of Infrared Thermography in the Assessment of Muscle Damage in Elite Soccer Athletes

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