Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory--German Version

Zeeck, Almut; Welter, Viola; Alatas, Hasan; Hildebrandt, Tom; Lahmann, Claas; Hartmann, Armin

doi:10.1037/t70382-000

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The MDDI is a 13-item measure of MD symptomology, with items rated on a 5 point Likert scale, providing a total of between 13-65. The MDDI questions pertain to cognition, emotions and behaviour including three core measures of MD symptomology: Drive for Size (thoughts of being smaller, less muscular, and weaker than desired), Appearance Impairment (negative beliefs about one's body and resulting appearance anxiety or body exposure avoidance), and Functional Impairment (behaviors related to maintaining exercise routines, interference of negative emotions when deviating from exercise routines, or avoidance of social situations), which have demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's α = .77-.85; test-retest reliability r = .81-.87), and construct validity (Zeeck et al, 2018). The mean MDDI score for the overall sample of 34.9 (38.1 and 31.7 for users and non-users respectively) was consistent with those reported by male bodybuilders in previous studies (Zeeck et al, 2018).…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience

Harris

Dünn

Alwyn

2019

European Journal of Health Psychology

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Abstract. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) usage has been repeatedly linked with a body image disorder called Muscle Dysmorphia (MD). However, evidence for how this relationship manifests is currently inconclusive. This study focused on the extent to which MD may precipitate or perpetuate the use of AAS. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, the sample consisted of 57 users (current and lifetime) and 51 non-using (never used AAS) bodybuilders recruited from two bodybuilding dedicated gymnasiums located in Wales, UK. Significantly higher levels of MD were found in users compared to non-users across training experience duration (0–2, 3–5, and 6+ years). MD levels irrespective of AAS usage (users vs. non-users) were consistent between 0–2 and 3–5 years of training declining however between those of 6+ years training experience. No differences were reported in symptoms of MD between users of AAS with varying lengths of AAS use exposure. This provides preliminary evidence suggesting MD may influence both initiation and maintenance of AAS use; however, neither regular gym attendance nor prolonged AAS usage may exacerbate MD symptoms.

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Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience

Harris

Dünn

Alwyn

2019

European Journal of Health Psychology

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“…Related to the ideal body is muscle dysmorphia, another pertinent concept to this study. This can be defined as a type of body image disorder characterized by the obsession of gaining muscularity or not having enough muscle (Zeeck et al, 2018).…”

Section: Theories and Key Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass media and muscle: the impact of social media on young adult men's everyday experiences and body dissatisfaction - a qualitative inquiry

Gendron¹

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Intention: The purpose of this thesis is to examine young men's body dissatisfaction, as men are typically marginalized as a population less susceptible to developing body image issues and eating disorders. The purpose of this study was also to examine men's relationship to social media and how that impacts their expectations and beliefs about their body self-identities. Methods: For this study, a qualitative method procedure. The study population was men aged 18 to mid-20s. Recruits partook in semi-structured interviews and answered questions about their fitness lifestyle and experience with social media. Grounded Theory was utilized to identify meaning through data analysis. Findings: Participants who had a worse body image tended to view more idealized imagery on social media and viewed the body as an object, while those who were more content or positive about their self-body image tended not to follow any specific social media figures and aspired for fitter bodies because it would improve their performance. Conclusion: Solutions to social media imagery are discussed as well as compelling topics that emerged from the interview that can serve as the basis for further research.

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The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Murray

Compte

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Research on eating disorders (EDs) and body image disturbances has focused mostly on females from Western countries, and little is known about EDs in male populations in China, which is partially due to the lack of validated assessment measures. The current work aims to translate the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) into Chinese and examine their psychometric properties. The factor structures, reliability and validity of the translated scales were examined with two samples: male university students (n = 295, Mage = 18.92 years) and general adult men (n = 406, Mage = 28.53 years). With confirmatory factor analyses, the original factor structures are replicated for the MOET, DMS and MDDI. The results also support the adequate internal consistency for both samples. Strong evidence of convergent and incremental validity for the three measures is also found in both samples. Overall, the three measures prove to be good instruments for use among Chinese male university students and general adult men.

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Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory--German Version

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience

Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience

Mass media and muscle: the impact of social media on young adult men's everyday experiences and body dissatisfaction - a qualitative inquiry

The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

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