The Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory among Chinese Men: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Abstract

Research on eating disorders (EDs) and body image disturbances has focused mostly on females from Western countries, and little is known about EDs in male populations in China, which is partially due to the lack of validated assessment measures. The current work aims to translate the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) into Chinese and examine their psychometric properties. The factor structures, reliability and validity of the translated scales were examined with two samples: male university students (n = 295, Mage = 18.92 years) and general adult men (n = 406, Mage = 28.53 years). With confirmatory factor analyses, the original factor structures are replicated for the MOET, DMS and MDDI. The results also support the adequate internal consistency for both samples. Strong evidence of convergent and incremental validity for the three measures is also found in both samples. Overall, the three measures prove to be good instruments for use among Chinese male university students and general adult men.

Validation of the Arabic version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (Ar-MDDI) among Lebanese male university students

“…CFA allowed the replication of the original three-factor structure of the MDDI. This three-factors structure has been originally highlighted by Hildebrandt et al [47] and found in multiple validation papers tackling different populations (such as Brazilian women [75], American transgender men [76] [54], cisgender populations across distinct cultural settings [48][49][50][51][77][78][79][80][81] and cisgender sexual minority populations [82])) was confirmed in our sample. In terms of reliability, the Cronbach's alpha value of the Ar-MDDI obtained in the present study (0.81) corroborates the results of previous validation studies (e.g., the Brazilian [75], the Italian [83], and the German [78] versions), enabling us to suggest that the present Arabic versions of the MDDI seems to offer a reliable measure of MDD.…”

“…The latter subscale is considered a key diagnostic indicator of MDD that other measures (such as the MASS (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale) or the MDI (Muscle Dysmorphic Inventory)) omit to assess [42]. MDDI has been translated in different languages and countries, including Spanish [48], Portuguese [49], Turkish [50], and Chinese [51]. However, no Arabic validation has been done so far to the best of our knowledge.…”

Validation of sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire and its associations with body-related outcomes and eating disorders among Chinese adolescents

“…The score on each factor was calculated by the sum of all items divided by the number of all items, and a higher mean score indicates a greater level of motivation to acquire a muscular appearance. The DMS has been validated within Chinese female adults, demonstrating good internal consistency and validity ( 23 ). The Chinese-speaking DMS was used in this study, Cronbach’s alpha in the current sample was high with 0.83.…”

“…The Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) was used to assess participants' desire for muscularity and engagement in behaviors and attitudes to achieve a muscular physique (22). This scale consists of 15 items with two factors (e.g., "I wish I were more muscular, " "I think that my legs are not muscular enough"), with each item being rated on a 6-point response scale (0 = never to 6 = always).…”

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Female Muscularity Scale among Chinese young women

“…Importantly, ndings from this systematic review were bound to men; thus, ndings cannot be generalized to women. Another study by Grossbard et al [20] revealed that men with greater drive for muscularity were at greater risk of eating disorder symptoms and depressed mood. Related research found that boys who reported higher drive for muscularity were more likely to report purposeful muscle-enhancing dietary practices, like using protein powders or shakes, and steroids (Eisenberg et al, 2012).…”