Muscle Strength and Power: Primary Outcome Measures to Assess Cold Water Immersion Efficacy After Exercise With a Strong Strength or Power Component

Lindsay, Angus; Peake, Jonathan M.

doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.655975

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the most relevant measure of performance outcome relates to neuromuscular function, as determined by maximal strength and power. It was recently acknowledged that there is a relative lack of research studies in this field that focus on strength and power assessment [ 14 ], and determining the effectiveness of cooling and/or heating on functional outcome measures has also not been the main focus of recent reviews exploring the role of post-exercise cooling or heating [ 3 , 4 , 7 ]. Thus, the current review will delineate the available evidence as to whether post-exercise cooling and/or heating are detrimental or beneficial for the recovery of neuromuscular function, fatigue resistance, physical performance, and training adaptations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise

et al. 2022

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The application of post-exercise cooling (e.g., cold water immersion) and post-exercise heating has become a popular intervention which is assumed to increase functional recovery and may improve chronic training adaptations. However, the effectiveness of such post-exercise temperature manipulations remains uncertain. The aim of this comprehensive review was to analyze the effects of post-exercise cooling and post-exercise heating on neuromuscular function (maximal strength and power), fatigue resistance, exercise performance, and training adaptations. We focused on three exercise types (resistance, endurance and sprint exercises) and included studies investigating (1) the early recovery phase, (2) the late recovery phase, and (3) repeated application of the treatment. We identified that the primary benefit of cooling was in the early recovery phase (< 1 h post-exercise) in improving fatigue resistance in hot ambient conditions following endurance exercise and possibly enhancing the recovery of maximal strength following resistance exercise. The primary negative impact of cooling was with chronic exposure which impaired strength adaptations and decreased fatigue resistance following resistance training intervention (12 weeks and 4–12 weeks, respectively). In the early recovery phase, cooling could also impair sprint performance following sprint exercise and could possibly reduce neuromuscular function immediately after endurance exercise. Generally, no benefits of acute cooling were observed during the 24–72-h recovery period following resistance and endurance exercises, while it could have some benefits on the recovery of neuromuscular function during the 24–48-h recovery period following sprint exercise. Most studies indicated that chronic cooling does not affect endurance training adaptations following 4–6 week training intervention. We identified limited data employing heating as a recovery intervention, but some indications suggest promise in its application to endurance and sprint exercise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise

et al. 2022

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“…3.1.9 | Artificial wound healing model to assess the genetic association with repair and regeneration Damaged muscles exhibit immediate muscle strength loss after an EIMD-intervention but the recovery process of muscle strength is already remarkable within one day (Byrne et al, 2001). In contrast, the rise of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood, such as creatine kinase activity, start at a later time point and usually peak 48-72 h after the intervention, indicating that the time frame of muscle strength recovery is somewhat disconnected from the inflammatory response (Baumert et al, 2016;Lindsay & Peake, 2021). Further, the proteins associated with the seven SNPs that showed an EIMD-intervention interaction in vivo (Table 2), are predominantly located within the muscle tissue structure.…”

Section: Exercise Modulates the Snp-related Gene Expression In Human ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygenic mechanisms underpinning the response to exercise‐induced muscle damage in humans: In vivo and in vitro evidence

Baumert

Cocks

Strauss

et al. 2022

Journal Cellular Physiology

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We investigated whether 20 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with in vivo exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD), and with an in vitro skeletal muscle stem cell wound healing assay. Sixty‐five young, untrained Caucasian adults performed 120 maximal eccentric knee‐extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer to induce EIMD. Maximal voluntary isometric/isokinetic knee‐extensor torque, knee joint range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase activity and interleukin‐6 concentration were assessed before, directly after and 48 h after EIMD. Muscle stem cells were cultured from vastus lateralis biopsies from a separate cohort (n = 12), and markers of repair were measured in vitro. Participants were genotyped for all 20 SNPs using real‐time PCR. Seven SNPs were associated with the response to EIMD, and these were used to calculate a total genotype score, which enabled participants to be segregated into three polygenic groups: ‘preferential’ (more ‘protective’ alleles), ‘moderate’, and ‘non‐preferential’. The non‐preferential group was consistently weaker than the preferential group (1.93 ± 0.81 vs. 2.73 ± 0.59 N ∙ m/kg; P = 9.51 × 10−4) and demonstrated more muscle soreness (p = 0.011) and a larger decrease in knee joint ROM (p = 0.006) following EIMD. Two TTN‐AS1 SNPs in linkage disequilibrium were associated with in vivo EIMD (rs3731749, p ≤ 0.005) and accelerated muscle stem cell migration into the artificial wound in vitro (rs1001238, p ≤ 0.006). Thus, we have identified a polygenic profile, linked with both muscle weakness and poorer recovery following EIMD. Moreover, we provide evidence for a novel TTN gene‐cell‐skeletal muscle mechanism that may help explain some of the interindividual variability in the response to EIMD.

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Hot But Not Cold Water Immersion Mitigates the Decline in Rate of Force Development Following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

BENOÎT,

NICOLAS,

GRÉGOIRE

et al. 2024

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose In recent years, there has been significant advancement in the guidelines for recovery protocols involving heat or cold water immersion. Yet, comparison between the effects of hot and cold water immersion on key markers of neuromuscular recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is lacking. Methods Thirty physically active males completed an individualized and tailored EIMD protocol immediately followed by one of the following recovery interventions: cold water immersion (11 °C, CWI11), hot water immersion (41 °C, HWI41) or warm-bath control (36 °C, CON36). Gastrointestinal temperature was tracked throughout HWI41. Knee extensors’ maximal isokinetic strength [peak torque (Tpeak)] and explosive strength [late-phase rate of force development, (RFD100-200)] were measured prior to EIMD (pre-), 24 h (post-24 h) and 48 h (post-48 h) post-EIMD. In addition, pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured to quantify the recovery from muscle soreness. Surface electromyography signals (sEMG) from the vastus lateralis were captured to extract the rates of electromyography rise (REMGR) and the spectral power in the low-frequency band. Results At post-48 h, Tpeak returned to baseline values following both CWI11 (-8.3 ± 6.8 %, p = 0.079) and HWI41 (-1.4 ± 4.1%, p = 1). In contrast, RFD100-200 (-2.3 ± 29.3%, p = 1) and PPT (+5.6 ± 14.6%, p = 1) returned to baseline values at post-48 h only following HWI41. Spectral analysis of the sEMG signal revealed that the low-frequency band was significantly increased following CWI11 (+9.0 ± 0.52%, p = 0.012). REMGR was unchanged regardless of the condition (all p > 0.05). Conclusions A single session of HWI41, rather than CWI11, improved the recovery of the late-phase rate of force development following EIMD in physically active males. This suggests that in athletic contexts where a rapid force development is a key performance determinant, hot bath should be preferred over cold bath.

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Muscle Strength and Power: Primary Outcome Measures to Assess Cold Water Immersion Efficacy After Exercise With a Strong Strength or Power Component

Cited by 3 publications

References 51 publications

Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise

Functional Impact of Post-exercise Cooling and Heating on Recovery and Training Adaptations: Application to Resistance, Endurance, and Sprint Exercise

Polygenic mechanisms underpinning the response to exercise‐induced muscle damage in humans: In vivo and in vitro evidence

Hot But Not Cold Water Immersion Mitigates the Decline in Rate of Force Development Following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

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