Muscle Variants of the Upper and Lower Limb (with Anatomical Correlation)

Martinoli, Carlo; Perez, Maribel Miguel; Padua, Luca; Valle, Maura; Capaccio, Enrico; Altafini, Luisa; Michaud, Johan; Tagliafico, Alberto

doi:10.1055/s-0030-1253155

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, comparative anatomy studies across species show a considerable degree of variation in the number of limb muscles and tendons and their pattern, suggesting that adaptability of musculoskeletal units may confer some functional benefits (Abdala et al, 2015; Diogo et al, 2009; Diogo et al, 2015). Clinical observations in humans also demonstrate a wide range in normal variation; for example, the palmaris longus muscle of the forelimb is missing in up to a quarter of the population and the fourth superficial flexor tendon in the digits is missing in over 10% of humans studied (Martinoli et al, 2010; Townley et al, 2010). While these small anomalies are rarely symptomatic, in the case of congenital diseases such as Ulnar-mammary syndrome or heart-hand syndrome, musculoskeletal impairments due to mispatterning are far more severe and provide insight into the molecular regulation of these tissues during development (Bamshad et al, 1997; Colasanto et al, 2016; Hasson et al, 2010; Newbury-Ecob et al, 1996).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated development of the limb musculoskeletal system: Tendon and muscle patterning and integration with the skeleton

Huang

2017

Developmental Biology

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Functional movement and stability of the limb depends on an organized and fully integrated musculoskeletal system composed of skeleton, muscle, and tendon. Much of our current understanding of musculoskeletal development is based on studies that focused on the development and differentiation of individual tissues. Likewise, research on patterning events have been largely limited to the primary skeletal elements and the mechanisms that regulate soft tissue patterning, the development of the connections between tissues, and their interdependent development are only beginning to be elucidated. This review will therefore highlight recent exciting discoveries in this field, with an emphasis on tendon and muscle patterning and their integrated development with the skeleton and skeletal attachments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated development of the limb musculoskeletal system: Tendon and muscle patterning and integration with the skeleton

Huang

2017

Developmental Biology

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“…13 Approximately 30 to 40% of cases of this syndrome is due to a ganglion cysts originating from either the hamatetriquetrum or the piso-triquetrum joints, to which they are usually connected through a tortuous pedicle, and expand inside the tunnel. Direct compression from trauma, fibrous bands, a space-occupying lesion such as a lipoma, ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm, anomalous muscle (accessory abductor digiti minimi), and proximal neuropathies such as cubital tunnel syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, cervical radiculopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, focal motor neuron myelopathy, syringomyelia, and Pancoast's tumor should be excluded 14,15 (►Fig. 8 and ►Fig.…”

Section: Guyon's Tunnel Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Nerves of the Hand beyond the Carpal Tunnel

Tagliafico

Cadoni

Fisci

et al. 2012

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol

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Imaging studies including ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging may be required to evaluate the median nerve in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. However, the radial and ulnar nerves contribute to sensory and motor innervations to the hand as well. Compressive, traumatic, and iatrogenic events may damage the small terminal branches of these nerves. In the hand, US is able to identify injuries of the median, ulnar, radial nerve, and terminal branches. This article presents the role of imaging to evaluate the nerves of the hand with an emphasis on US. Due to its high-resolution capabilities, US is useful to determine the location, extent, and type of nerve lesion. Moreover, US is useful for a postsurgical assessment. The anterior interosseous nerve, Guyon's tunnel syndrome, and Wartenberg's syndrome are also described.

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“…• Insertion: Olecranon 1 • Potential symptoms: Ulnar nerve entrapment. 4 On MRI, the compressed ulnar nerve may be swollen and of high signal on T2-WI (►Fig.…”

Section: Elbow and Forearmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessory Muscles of the Extremities

Vanhoenacker

Desimpel

Mespreuve

et al. 2018

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol

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Accessory muscles and variations are not uncommon at the upper and lower extremity. They are often overlooked because they are asymptomatic and present as incidental findings on imaging. However, they may present as a soft tissue swelling, thereby mimicking soft tissue tumors. Other symptoms are attributed to impingement on neurovascular structures and to exercise-related pain. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy, systematic imaging analysis, and the awareness of it are the clues to correct identification. On ultrasound, accessory muscles have a similar echotexture as other muscles, whereas the signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is similar to muscle. Because of the intrinsic contrast with the adjacent intermuscular fat, accessory muscles are best depicted on MRI without fat suppression. This article provides a short overview of the anatomy of most prevalent accessory muscles of the upper and lower limb and its potential pathogenic nature.

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Muscle Variants of the Upper and Lower Limb (with Anatomical Correlation)

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

Coordinated development of the limb musculoskeletal system: Tendon and muscle patterning and integration with the skeleton

Coordinated development of the limb musculoskeletal system: Tendon and muscle patterning and integration with the skeleton

Nerves of the Hand beyond the Carpal Tunnel

Accessory Muscles of the Extremities

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