Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity

Gebhart, Erich

doi:10.1002/9783527619634.ch21

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 183 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Even though Pb at the highest concentrations of 26.32 µg cm −2 at near-LC 10 concentration did not show any significant damage to DNA in the comet assay-confirming that Pb, unlike Cd, is not genotoxic even at LC 10 concentration in a 48-h study. In support of these results, most authors report that Cd induces DNA strand breaks, sister chromatid exchanges, and chromosome aberrations in plant, mammalian and human cells [24][25][26] at relatively low exposure and well below the 48-h LC 10 concentration.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Comparative Genotoxicity of Cadmium and Lead in Earthworm Coelomocytes

Muangphra

Gooneratne

2011

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

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To determine genotoxicity to coelomocytes, Pheretima peguana earthworms were exposed in filter paper studies to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) for 48 h, at concentrations less than the LC 10 -Cd: 0.09, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, and 1.50 µg cm −2 ; Pb: 1.65, 3.29, 6.58, 13.16, and 26.32 µg cm −2 . For Cd at 0.75 µg cm −2 , in the micronucleus test (detects chromosomal aberrations), significant increases (P < .05) in micronuclei and binucleate cells were observed, and in the comet assay (detects DNA single-strand breaks), tail DNA% was significantly increased. Lead was less toxic with minimal effects on DNA, but the binucleates were significantly increased by Pb at 3.29 µg cm −2 . This study shows that Cd is more acutely toxic and sublethally genotoxic than Pb to P. peguana. Cadmium caused chromosomal aberrations and DNA single-strand breaks at 45% of the LC 10 concentration. Lead, in contrast, did not induce DNA damage but caused cytokinesis defects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Comparative Genotoxicity of Cadmium and Lead in Earthworm Coelomocytes

Muangphra

Gooneratne

2011

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

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“…The results confirm that inhaling lead induces systemic DNA damage, but certain organs, such as the lung and the liver, are special targets of this metal, partly depending on the duration of exposure. As the lead concentrations used in this work were lower than those used in prior studies /198–199/, the authors concluded that even at low levels of inhalation exposure, this metal could induce DNA damage and should be considered a risk for living organisms.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Lead-induced Neurotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 60%

Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review

Sanders

Liu²,

Buchner³

et al. 2009

Reviews on Environmental Health

761

432

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Biological monitoring techniques are useful for risk assessment of toxic agents in the field of environmental health. Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, such as brain damage, mental retardation, behavioral problems, nerve damage, and possibly Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. This paper presents an overview of biomarkers of lead exposure and discusses the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals, updated to January 2009.

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“…Their results suggest that organic compounds are generally more active, in terms of genotoxicity, than inorganic compounds (5,15,18,20). The binding of this metal to sulfhydryl groups of glutathione blocks its function as a free radical scavenger (19).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro

Silva-Pereira

Cardoso

Leite

et al. 2005

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Mercury is a xenobiotic metal that is a highly deleterious environmental pollutant. The biotransformation of mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ) into methylmercury chloride (CH 3 HgCl) in aquatic environments is well-known and humans are exposed by consumption of contaminated fish, shellfish and algae. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes induced in vitro by two mercury compounds (HgCl 2 and CH 3 HgCl) in cultured human lymphocytes. Short-term human leukocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors (5 females and 5 males) were set-up by adding drops of whole blood in complete medium. Cultures were separately and simultaneously treated with low doses (0.1 to 1000 µg/l) of HgCl 2 and CH 3 HgCl and incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Genotoxicity was assessed by chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells. Mitotic index was used as a measure of cytotoxicity. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the relative frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed for all concentrations of CH 3 HgCl when compared to control, whether alone or in an evident sinergistic combination with HgCl 2 . The frequency of polyploid cells was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared to control after exposure to all concentrations of CH 3 HgCl alone or in combination with HgCl 2 . CH 3 HgCl significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the mitotic index at 100 and 1000 µg/l alone, and at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/l when combined with HgCl 2 , showing a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Our data showed that low concentrations of CH 3 HgCl might be cytotoxic/genotoxic. Such effects may indicate early cellular changes with possible biological consequences and should be considered in the preliminary evaluation of the risks of populations exposed in vivo to low doses of mercury.

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Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity

Cited by 5 publications

References 183 publications

Comparative Genotoxicity of Cadmium and Lead in Earthworm Coelomocytes

Comparative Genotoxicity of Cadmium and Lead in Earthworm Coelomocytes

Neurotoxic Effects and Biomarkers of Lead Exposure: A Review

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro

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