Mutagenicity of Diesel Exhaust Soot Dispersed in Phospholipid Surfactants

Wallace, W.E.; Keane, Michael; Xing, Shuguang; Harrison, Joel C.; Gautam, Mridul; Ong, T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-46712-7_2

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Rather, to show that these recent findings confirm WVU's earlier findings that diesel soot particles can express in vitro genotoxic activity without extraction, as simple dispersions in surrogate pulmonary surfactant [40,41].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Performance evaluation of exhaust aftertreatment devices used for emissions control on diesel engines employed in underground coal mines

Carder¹

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This study was initiated to assist the WV Diesel Equipment Commission in its promulgation of initial rules, requirements, and standards governing the operation of diesel-powered equipment in underground coal mines. Four different engines and various exhaust aftertreatment devices that represent current levels of in-use technology were selected for performance evaluation. Both eddy-current and water-brake dynamometers were used to load the engines according to an ISO 8-Mode test cycle. Experimental emissions data, sampled from a full-flow dilution tunnel, suggests that particulate traps can reduce the mass emission rates of particulate matter (DPM) by nearly 90%, while reductions in fuel sulfur content (0.04% compared to 0.37% by mass) can reduce DPM mass emissions by as much as 22%. The study concluded that the singular usage of catalytic converters is not recommended for the confined spaces of a mining environment, due to their tendency to enhance particulate matter sulfate production and possibly increase overall exhaust toxicity. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As the final chapter to a very lengthy master's career draws to a close for me, I feel compelled to give thanks to all of those who have made this journey end. In addition and for the record, it looks as if I will indeed graduate before Macy. First and foremost, I would like to thank God. Without Him none of this would be possible. So many times He is forgotten, thankfully He does not forget us. Next, I would like to express my appreciation of the West Virginia State Legislature and the West Virginia Diesel Commission for funding the research activities that provided the basis for this thesis. Not only have their efforts and funding provided a research opportunity for me, but, more importantly, they have answered necessary questions and posed new ones regarding the implementation of diesel engines in underground mining environments. I next need to mention the people that have done more for me than anyone else ever could-my family. I know your continued support was always there, even when I doubted myself. Dad, if there was ever an engineer who missed his calling, I am certain it is you. You have provided me with so much insight into the physics of everyday life-I am eternally grateful for the spark that ignited an inquisitive mind. Mom, thanks for teaching me patience and providing spirituality-two of the most necessary intangibles of life. Hillarey, you truly are the light of my life. Thank you for all that you are, and all that you've done. Macy, thanks for being daddy's girl. God has truly blessed me. Dennis & Gwynne-the row is hoed. I've accomplished the mission; it's just that the "G's" were in the wrong sequence. Diz & Susan-thanks for being there. Thanks to Beck, Dan, and little Shelby. Finally, thanks to Ashley and Erin-now hurry up and give Macy some playmates. Thank you, Dr. Mridul Gautam. You've been an excellent advisor, but more importantly, you and your family have been good friends. Thanks for taking the time to educate this Appalachian American. Mo...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Performance evaluation of exhaust aftertreatment devices used for emissions control on diesel engines employed in underground coal mines

Carder¹

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“…(Solution 2) Dipalmitoyl glycerophosphorylcholine (lecithin), a main phospholipid of the lung surfactant, was added to aqueous solution 1 and dispersed for 3 hr at room temperature with final filtering. A lecithin saturation of 2.5 g/liter (Wallace et al, 1991) was not achieved. The pH of the aqueous solution (±lecithin) was 8.2 ± 0.1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Coal Mine Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP):In VitroStudy of the Release of Organic Compounds from Coal Mine Dust in the Presence of Physiological Fluids

Schulz

1997

Environmental Research

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“…2,15 While in vitro bioassays of organic solvent extracts of DEP appear not to model the biological availability in the lung of DEP-bound organic genotoxicants, 16 it has been demonstrated that DEP can express in vitro genotoxic activities as non-extracted parti-culate dispersions in the primary components of the surfactants which line the lung small airways and airspaces. [17][18][19][20][21] Gasoline engine exhaust genotoxicities have been studied since the 1930s; 22 however, the literature is not as extensive as that for diesel engine emissions. 2 Bacterial mutagenicity for gasoline exhaust has been reviewed by Claxton, 23 and shortterm bioassay results have been reviewed by Lewtas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro genotoxicity of exhaust emissions of diesel and gasoline engine vehicles operated on a unified driving cycle

Liu

Keane

Ensell

et al. 2005

J. Environ. Monitor.

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Acetone extracts of engine exhaust particulate matter (PM) and of vapor-phase semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) collected from a set of 1998-2000 model year normal emitter diesel engine automobile or light trucks and from a set of 1982-1996 normal emitter gasoline engine automobiles or light trucks operated on the California Unified Driving Cycle at 22 [degree]C were assayed for in vitro genotoxic activities. Gasoline and diesel PM were comparably positive mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium strains YG1024 and YG1029 on a mass of PM extract basis with diesel higher on a mileage basis; gasoline SVOC was more active than diesel on an extracted-mass basis, with diesel SVOC more active on a mileage basis. For chromosomal damage indicated by micronucleus induction in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells), diesel PM expressed about one-tenth that of gasoline PM on a mass of extract basis, but was comparably active on a mileage basis; diesel SVOC was inactive. For DNA damage in V79 cells indicated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, gasoline PM was positive while diesel PM was active at the higher doses; gasoline SVOC was active with toxicity preventing measurement at high doses, while diesel SVOC was inactive at all but the highest dose.

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Mutagenicity of Diesel Exhaust Soot Dispersed in Phospholipid Surfactants

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Performance evaluation of exhaust aftertreatment devices used for emissions control on diesel engines employed in underground coal mines

Performance evaluation of exhaust aftertreatment devices used for emissions control on diesel engines employed in underground coal mines

Coal Mine Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP):In VitroStudy of the Release of Organic Compounds from Coal Mine Dust in the Presence of Physiological Fluids

In vitro genotoxicity of exhaust emissions of diesel and gasoline engine vehicles operated on a unified driving cycle

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