MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN IN SELFING<i>ARABIDOPSIS LYRATA</i>

Willi, Yvonne

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01818.x

Cited by 46 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Boxes represent the area from the first to the third quartile (the interquartile range: IQR), with a horizontal line indicating the median. Whiskers extend to the lowest/highest data point within 1.5 times the IQR benefited more from between population crosses than outcrossing populations (Willi 2013). The modest costs of selfing were also reflected by the growth rates in the period from 33 to 40 days after sowing, as they did not differ between selfing and outcrossing populations (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Due to the reduced effective population size of selfers , Willi (2013) suggested that drift load and accumulation of deleterious alleles may explain the apparent costs of selfing. Selfing populations in A. lyrata form population genetic clusters with different outcrossing populations (Hoebe et al 2009;Foxe et al 2010) in an area that was covered by the Wisconsin Ice Sheet during the last Glacial Maximum, which lasted until around 10,000 years ago (Lewis et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are unaware of published estimates of inbreeding depression for more direct measures of fitness such as seed or fruit set, pre sumably due to the difficulty of obtaining estimates that allow comparisons between self compatible and self incompatible plants, and for perennial plants. Willi (2013) attempted to obtain multiplicative measures of fitness by following the fruit set and flower production of plants from different crosstypes over multiple years. Although this has probably resulted in the best available data on costs of selfing beyond inbreeding depression, it still ignores seed set and seed quality, that are arguably among the most important components of fitness, yet also the most difficult and labour intensive to estimate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs associated with the evolution of selfing in North American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata?

2015

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Selfing can evolve if the transmission advantage of selfers outweighs the negative effects of inbreeding depression. It has been hypothesised that on the long term, selfing lineages are an evolutionary dead end, in part due to genetic degradation resembling that of Muller's ratchet in asexual lineages. There is a lack of empirical evidence for costs of selfing due to genetic degradation in recently evolved selfers. We tested whether such costs are apparent in recently established selfing populations of the generally outcrossing species Arabidopsis lyrata. Specifically, we compared selfing and outcrossing populations in their growth performance, and for traits that play a putative role in defence against herbivores. In line with our expectations, selfing populations had reduced germination rates, growth however was similar to outcrossing populations. Plants from selfing popu lations showed no consistent reduction in herbivore defence traits, and were equally palatable to caterpillars of the moth Mamestra brassicae. There were also no differences between outcrossers and selfers in phenotypic plasticity for putative defence traits and palatability after induction by herbivores. Overall, we interpret our results as showing some evidence for persistent costs of selfing due to drift or inbreeding load in terms of reduced seedling establishment, but providing no support for the hypothesis that selfing populations should be more susceptible to generalist herbivores, or rely more on induced defence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs associated with the evolution of selfing in North American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata?

2015

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“…There are some self-fertilizing populations at the edges of the species' distribution (Griffin and Willi 2014), and these generally have increased mutational load (Willi 2013), but outcrossing populations predominate even at the edges of the distribution. Mutational meltdown can erode population mean fitness enough to cause extinction directly or can preclude demographic compensation for selective deaths under directional selection (Lynch and Lande 1993;Bürger and Lynch 1995).…”

Section: Genetic Variation At Range Edges 675mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Genetic Architecture at Latitudinal Range Boundaries: Reduced Variation but Higher Trait Independence

Paccard

Buskirk

Willi

2016

The American Naturalist

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Species distribution limits are hypothesized to be caused by small population size and limited genetic variation in ecologically relevant traits, but earlier studies have not evaluated genetic variation in multivariate phenotypes. We asked whether populations at the latitudinal edges of the distribution have altered quantitative genetic architecture of ecologically relevant traits compared with midlatitude populations. We calculated measures of evolutionary potential in nine Arabidopsis lyrata populations spanning the latitudinal range of the species in eastern and midwestern North America. Environments at the latitudinal extremes have reduced water availability, and therefore plants were assessed under wet and dry treatments. We estimated genetic variance-covariance (G-) matrices for 10 traits related to size, development, and water balance. Populations at southern and northern distribution edges had reduced levels of genetic variation across traits, but their G-matrices were more spherical; G-matrix orientation was unrelated to latitude. As a consequence, the predicted short-term response to selection was at least as strong in edge populations as in central populations. These results are consistent with genetic drift eroding variation and reducing the effectiveness of correlational selection at distribution margins. We conclude that genetic variation of isolated traits poorly predicts the capacity to evolve in response to multivariate selection and that the response to selection may frequently be greater than expected at species distribution margins because of genetic drift. abstract: Species distribution limits are hypothesized to be caused by small population size and limited genetic variation in ecologically relevant traits, but earlier studies have not evaluated genetic variation in multivariate phenotypes. We asked whether populations at the latitudinal edges of the distribution have altered quantitative genetic architecture of ecologically relevant traits compared with midlatitude populations. We calculated measures of evolutionary potential in nine Arabidopsis lyrata populations spanning the latitudinal range of the species in eastern and midwestern North America. Environments at the latitudinal extremes have reduced water availability, and therefore plants were assessed under wet and dry treatments. We estimated genetic variance-covariance (G-) matrices for 10 traits related to size, development, and water balance. Populations at southern and northern distribution edges had reduced levels of genetic variation across traits, but their G-matrices were more spherical; G-matrix orientation was unrelated to latitude. As a consequence, the predicted short-term response to selection was at least as strong in edge populations as in central populations. These results are consistent with genetic drift eroding variation and reducing the effectiveness of correlational selection at distribution margins. We conclude that genetic variation of isolated traits poorly predicts the capacity to evolve in respons...

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“…In particular, selfers are thought to be less fit due to drift load, where deleterious mutants build up in selfing populations because of a lack of recombination, analogous to 'Muller's ratchet' in asexual organisms (Muller 1964;Charlesworth et al 1993). This build-up of deleterious mutations can cause a "mutational meltdown," where the fitness of selfing lineages are constantly reduced, leading to their extinction (Lynch et al 1995;Willi 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hitchhiking of Deleterious Alleles and the Cost of Adaptation in Partially Selfing Species

Hartfield

Glémin

2014

Genetics

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Self-fertilization is generally seen to be disadvantageous in the long term. It increases genetic drift, which subsequently reduces polymorphism and the efficiency of selection, which also challenges adaptation. However, high selfing rates can increase the fixation probability of recessive beneficial mutations, but existing theory has generally not accounted for the effect of linked sites. Here, we analyze a model for the fixation probability of deleterious mutants that hitchhike with selective sweeps in diploid, partially selfing populations. Approximate analytical solutions show that, conditional on the sweep not being lost by drift, higher inbreeding rates increase the fixation probability of the deleterious allele, due to the resulting reduction in polymorphism and effective recombination. When extending the analysis to consider a distribution of deleterious alleles, as well as the average fitness increase after a sweep, we find that beneficial alleles generally need to be more recessive than the previously assumed dominance threshold (h , 1/2) for selfing to be beneficial from one-locus theory. Our results highlight that recombination aiding the efficiency of selection on multiple loci amplifies the fitness benefits of outcrossing over selfing, compared to results obtained from one-locus theory. This effect additionally increases the parameter range under which obligate outcrossing is beneficial over partial selfing.

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MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN IN SELFINGARABIDOPSIS LYRATA

Abstract: The majority of plant species and many animals are hermaphrodites, with individuals expressing both female and male function.

Cited by 46 publications

References 62 publications

Costs associated with the evolution of selfing in North American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata?

Costs associated with the evolution of selfing in North American populations of Arabidopsis lyrata?

Quantitative Genetic Architecture at Latitudinal Range Boundaries: Reduced Variation but Higher Trait Independence

Hitchhiking of Deleterious Alleles and the Cost of Adaptation in Partially Selfing Species

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