Mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase genes linked to fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium of animal origin in India

Pathak, Anubha; Kumar, Deepak; Kumar, Vinod; Kamboj, Aman; Sharma, Jyoti; Shukla, M. K.; Upadhyay, Ajay Kumar; Karabasanavar, Nagappa S.; Kaushik, Purushottam; Singh, Suresh Prasad

doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.004

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“…About 46.4% of human Salmonella infections have animal as sources, mostly poultry (Sanchez et al, 2002). Among low and middle income countries (LMICS), multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella have emerged as one of the leading causes of foodborne deaths (Afema, Mather, & Sischo, 2015; Andoh et al, 2017; Pathak et al, 2018). Global burden of invasive NTS has been estimated to about 3.4 million cases and 6,81,316 deaths annually with majority (63.7%) of cases occurring in children (<5 years age) (Ao et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in poultry and poultry products

Karabasanavar

Madhavaprasad

Gopalakrishna

et al. 2020

Journal of Food Safety

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Salmonella continues to be a major food safety and public health threat. In the present study, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (ST) were isolated from poultry and characterized for virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation. Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in poultry was 3.35%; predominant serotypes isolated were S. Enteritidis (68.1%) and S. Typhimurium (31.8%). Source-wise, Salmonella were isolated from retail market chicken meat (4.8%), live chicken at farm (2.5%), and table eggs (2.1%). Salmonella isolates produced invA gene of 284 bp (100%), spvR gene of 310 bp (77.27%), spvC gene of 571 bp (22.72%), and stn gene of 260 bp (100%) as virulence/ pathogenicity determinants. Salmonella isolates exhibited resistance to common antimicrobials; 72.7% isolates showed multiple resistance (≥3 antimicrobial class), highest resistance was observed for polymyxin-B (81.8%) followed by nalidixic acid (72.7%), colistin (59.1%), ampicillin/tetracyline (45.5%), ampicillin + sulbactam (40.9%), cefodroxil (18.2%), streptomycin (9.1%), and cefazidine/ceftriaxone-tazobactam (4.5%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of poultry Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.11 to 0.35; wherein, 59.1% isolates showed MAR of >0.2. About 81.8% Salmonella isolates produced biofilm and were categorized as strong (13.6%), moderate (45.4%), and weak (22.7%) biofilm producers. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistant virulent Salmonella strains in poultry requires implementation of suitable strategies so as to protect the public health. 1 | INTRODUCTION With raising disposable income and increasing health awareness, demand for poultry products is rapidly raising. Poultry meat being one of the most preferred meats due to its higher protein, lower fat, lower price, small unit size, short period of broiler rearing, increasing private participation, and so forth. Further, demand for eggs is also increasing due to lower price and higher nutritional value. In the year 2017-18, India produced 7.7 MMT of chicken meat that constituted 49.64% of the total meat produced in the country (DAHD&F, 2019). Industrial poultry production has picked-up in the last three decades in India; hence, safety of food products produced has also been given due emphasis especially after the enactment of Food Safety & Standards Act in the year 2011. As per the guidelines of act, presence of

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