“…With the continuous advances in computer technology, a large literature has examined different sources of tone, such as the tone of annual reports (Loughran and McDonald, 2011), quarterly earnings announcements (Demers and Vega, 2011), management discussion and analysis (MD&A) sections (Li, 2010;Bochkay and Levine, 2019;Wang et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2021), earnings conference calls (Price et al, 2012;Davis et al, 2015;Brockman et al, 2017;Jiang et al, 2019), IPO prospectuses (Ferris et al, 2013), mutual fund shareholder letters (Hillert et al, 2021) and credit rating reports (Kiesel, 2016). In particular, the tone is related to stock return volatility (Kothari et al, 2009;Loughran and McDonald, 2011), cost of capital (Kothari et al, 2009;Campbell et al, 2017), future earnings (Li, 2010;Loughran and McDonald, 2011), trading volume (Loughran and McDonald, 2011;Price et al, 2012), cost of capital (Kothari et al, 2009;Campbell et al, 2017), stock market returns (Kiesel, 2016;Jiang et al, 2019), stock price (Arslan-Ayaydin et al, 2016), stock price crash risk (Ertugrul et al, 2017), capital structure adjustment speed (Wang et al, 2021) and firms' future value (Wu et al, 2021).…”