MXene Ti3C2 derived Z–scheme photocatalyst of graphene layers anchored TiO2/g–C3N4 for visible light photocatalytic degradation of refractory organic pollutants

Application of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts to Antibiotics Degradation: Cases of Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim and Ciprofloxacin

“…A similar inverse relationship between the photodegradation efficiency and antibiotic concentration was observed and reported by Alfred et al [73], Ioannidou et al [74], Cai and Hu [75], Sarafraz et al [24], Karim and Shriwastav [76], Wu et al [77] and Hassani et al [78], who used different photocatalyst systems for removal of different target antibiotics.…”

“…Researchers attribute the hindered decomposition of pharmaceuticals when antibiotic concentration is increased to a number of reasons. First of all, higher contaminant concentration means that higher number of contaminant molecules are adsorbed on active sites of the photocatalyst [75,77]. As a result, generation of reactive species is suppressed [75].…”

“…As a result, generation of reactive species is suppressed [75]. Secondly, as antibiotic concentration increases, more byproducts and intermediates are produced that compete with antibiotic molecules for a limited number of active sites on photocatalyst surface and reactive species present [24,73,77,78]. In addition, solution transmittance might be reduced when pharmaceutical concentration in the solution is increased.…”

Construction of an Ultrathin S‐Scheme Heterojunction Based on Few‐Layer g‐C3N4 and Monolayer Ti3C2Tx MXene for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

“…Among the semiconductors with high valence band (VB) potential, TiO 2 , as an ultraviolet‐responsive semiconductor with a bandgap of 3.2 eV, is the most studied photocatalytic semiconductor. [ 24–28 ] As its energy band structure is capable of forming S‐scheme with g‐C 3 N 4 , a wide range of g‐C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composites have been synthesized for CO 2 reduction, [ 27 ] organics degradation, [ 29–33 ] H 2 production, [ 34,35 ] and N 2 O decomposition. [ 36 ] Although the g‐C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composites have various morphologies, the contact modes of g‐C 3 N 4 and TiO 2 can be simply classified as point‐to‐face contact [ 32 ] and face‐to‐face contact.…”

“…[ 36 ] Although the g‐C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composites have various morphologies, the contact modes of g‐C 3 N 4 and TiO 2 can be simply classified as point‐to‐face contact [ 32 ] and face‐to‐face contact. [ 27,29,37 ] As the specific 1D electron transfer and narrow point‐to‐face transfer channel greatly reduce the electron transfer efficiency, an efficient face‐to‐face contact was adopted in more g‐C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composites. As the intensity of light decays exponentially in a semiconductor, g‐C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composites with hollowsphere structure, [ 37 ] porous structure, [ 38 ] and flower structure [ 39 ] were widely prepared to increase their specific surface area.…”