Mycobacterium Biofilms Synthesis, Ultrastructure, and Their Perspectives in Drug Tolerance, Environment, and Medicine

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms: Immune Responses, Role in TB Pathology, and Potential Treatment

“… 9 , 10 Mycobacteria can aggregate on surfaces (biofilms), and Mtb typically grows in the liquid–air interface (pellicles), which is related to the distinctive features of the mycobacterial cell wall, including the high lipid content that enables bacteria to live in unfavorable environments. 11 Beginning with bacterial adhesion, Mtb biofilms develop in a series of stages including surface attachment, sessile growth, matrix production, and dispersal. 12 It is regulated by molecules including polysaccharides, structural proteins, glycopeptidolipids, GroEL1 chaperones, shorter-chain mycolic acids, genetic material, and environmental conditions (nutrients, ions, and carbon sources).…”

“… 12 It is regulated by molecules including polysaccharides, structural proteins, glycopeptidolipids, GroEL1 chaperones, shorter-chain mycolic acids, genetic material, and environmental conditions (nutrients, ions, and carbon sources). 9 , 11 …”