Mycoplasmosis

Ferguson‐Noel, Naola; Armour, Natalie; Noormohammadi, Amir H.; El‐Gazzar, Mohamed; Bradbury, Janet M.

doi:10.1002/9781119371199.ch21

Cited by 43 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 553 publications

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“…Genera with known poultry pathogens were shared between URT and LIT ecosystems. Bacteria associated with several poultry diseases belong to several genera, including, but not limited to, Clostridium (30), Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus (31), Avibacterium, Haemophilus, Gallibacterium, Ornithobacterium (32,33), Mycoplasma (34), and Escherichia-Shigella (35). Figure 8 and S4 illustrate that OTUs belonging to these genera were shared between the URT and LIT sites and display their dynamics across age groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Ngunjiri

Taylor

Abundo

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

102

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The digestive and respiratory tracts of chickens are colonized by bacteria that are believed to play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Most of the current research on the commensal bacteria (microbiota) of chickens has focused on broilers and gut microbiota, and less attention has been given to layers and respiratory microbiota. This research bias has left significant gaps in our knowledge of the layer microbiome. This study was conducted to define the core microbiota colonizing the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower intestinal tract (LIT) in commercial layers under field conditions. One hundred eighty-one chickens were sampled from a flock of Ͼ80,000 birds at nine times to collect samples for 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial metabarcoding. Generally, the body site and age/farm stage had very dominant effects on the quantity, taxonomic composition, and dynamics of core bacteria. Remarkably, ileal and URT microbiota were compositionally more related to each other than to that from the cecum. Unique taxa dominated in each body site yet some taxa overlapped between URT and LIT sites, demonstrating a common core. The overlapping bacteria also contained various levels of several genera with well-recognized avian pathogens. Our findings suggest that significant interaction exists between gut and respiratory microbiota, including potential pathogens, in all stages of the farm sequence. The baseline data generated in this study can be useful for the development of effective microbiome-based interventions to enhance production performance and to prevent and control disease in commercial chicken layers. IMPORTANCE The poultry industry is faced with numerous challenges associated with infectious diseases and suboptimal performance of flocks. As microbiome research continues to grow, it is becoming clear that poultry health and production performance are partly influenced by nonpathogenic symbionts that occupy different habitats within the bird. This study has defined the baseline composition and overlaps between respiratory and gut bacteria in healthy, optimally performing chicken layers across all stages of the commercial farm sequence. Consequently, the study has set the groundwork for the development of interventions that seek to enhance production performance and to prevent and control infectious diseases through the modulation of gut and respiratory bacteria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Ngunjiri

Taylor

Abundo

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

102

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“…A high degree of variability in the virulence of MS strains appears to exist (24, 25) although genotyping in MS relies upon the vlhA gene (1, 5, 7, 14, 15, 16). There are differences in pathogenicity between MS strains, but there is no data regarding pathogenicity differences among genotypes (10, 14, 25). This study presents the molecular data of Polish MS isolates causing infection symptoms in chicken joints, respiratory tracts, and reproductive systems, and does it for the first time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Birds are infected for the rest of their lives and remain carriers. It is acknowledged to be a cause of great economic loss in the commercial poultry industry due to poor growth and decreased egg production (10, 18). In addition to strains with respiratory tract tropism and arthropathic strains, there are also strains with oviduct tropism which can induce eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) without any physical abnormalities (9, 22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma synoviae strains isolated from Polish chicken layer flocks

Kursa

Tomczyk

Sawicka

2019

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction: Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a chicken pathogen of major economic importance. Material and Methods: Between 2010 and 2016, 906 commercial layer chicken flocks in Poland were examined for MS, and the phylogenetic relationship among the strains was established. Regionally dispersed samples were collected and tested with the use of real-time PCR to detect the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region. Positive samples were also tested with LAMP and conventional PCR to detect the vlhA gene. Results: MS genetic material was detected in 265 (29%) of the tested flocks by real-time PCR, in 227 by the LAMP method and in 202 (22%) by conventional PCR. The by-year percentage of positive samples began at 34% in 2010, rose to 44% in 2012, and declined to 29% in 2016. A phylogenetic analysis of Polish M. synoviae strains using a partial sequence of the vlhA gene showed nine genotypes (A–I), the most frequently occurring being F and C. Pathogenic Polish MS field isolates (n = 27) collected from chickens with clinical signs of infection were grouped for their characteristic symptoms: respiratory for genotypes C, E, F, and I (n = 13), EAA and a drop in laying for genotypes F, E, and C (n = 12), and synovitis for genotype A (n = 2). Conclusion: These data showed the country’s isolate diversity. The high prevalence suggests the need to introduce appropriate control programmes. This is the first report of molecular epidemiological data on M. synoviae infection in layer chickens in Poland.

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“…Control programs against M . synoviae infection are based on eradication, vaccination and medication with antimicrobial agents [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of molecular assays for the rapid and cost-effective determination of fluoroquinolone, macrolide and lincosamide susceptibility of Mycoplasma synoviae isolates

et al. 2020

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Mycoplasma synoviae infection occurs worldwide, leading to considerable economic losses in the chicken and turkey industry due to infectious synovitis, respiratory diseases and eggshell apex abnormalities. Control programs against M . synoviae infection are based on eradication, vaccination and medication with antimicrobial agents. Prudent use of antibiotics can be improved greatly by the determination of antibiotic susceptibility prior to the treatment. However, the conventional broth or agar microdilution is very labor-intensive and time-consuming method. Thus, there is an increasing need for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility tests in order to guide antibiotic therapy more effectively. The aim of this study was to develop mismatch amplification mutation assays (MAMAs) to detect resistance-associated mutations in M . synoviae . M . synoviae strains with previously determined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and whole genomes (n = 92) were used for target selection and assay specification. For the evaluation of the developed assays, 20 clinical samples and an additional 20 M . synoviae isolates derived from these specimens were also included in this study. MIC values of these 20 isolates were determined by broth microdilution method. Five MAMAs were designed to identify elevated MICs of fluoroquinolones, while three MAMAs were developed to detect decreased susceptibility to macrolides and lincomycin. The sensitivity of the MAMA tests varied between 10 2 −10 4 template copy number/reaction depending on the assay. Clinical samples showed identical genotype calls with the M . synoviae isolates derived from the corresponding specimens in each case. Supporting the results of conventional in vitro sensitivity tests, our approach provides a feasible tool for diagnostics. Rapidity, robustness and cost-effectiveness are powerful advantages of the developed assays. Supporting prudent antibiotic usage instead of empirical treatment, the use of this method can reduce significantly the economic impact of M . synoviae in the poultry industry and decrease bacterial resistance-related public health concerns.

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Mycoplasmosis

Cited by 43 publications

References 553 publications

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Farm Stage, Bird Age, and Body Site Dominantly Affect the Quantity, Taxonomic Composition, and Dynamics of Respiratory and Gut Microbiota of Commercial Layer Chickens

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma synoviae strains isolated from Polish chicken layer flocks

Development of molecular assays for the rapid and cost-effective determination of fluoroquinolone, macrolide and lincosamide susceptibility of Mycoplasma synoviae isolates

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