Mycorrhizae’s Role in Plant Nutrition and Protection from Pathogens

Abstract

Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. There are two main categories of Mycorrhizae relationships: Endomycorrhizal fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) (AMF) form relationships with over 90% of plants (including turf grasses). Ectomycorrhizae fungi form relationships with only about 2% of plants, but some of them are quite common. In this scientific review, we will only talk about Endomycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature, the Endomycorrhizal the most abundant and widespread. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented. The role of AM fungi in disease protection, Root colonisation by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can improve plant resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses. Although this bio protection has been amply described in different plant systems, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Besides mechanisms such as improved plant nutrition and competition, experimental evidence supports the involvement of plant defense mechanisms in the observed protection. During mycorrhiza establishment, modulation of plant defenses responses occurs upon recognition of the AMF in order to achieve a functional symbiosis. As a consequence of this modulation, a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses may occur, not only locally but also systemically. This activation leads to a primed state of the plant that allows a more efficient activation of defense mechanisms in response to attack by potential enemies.

Symbiosis—A Perspective on the Effects of Host Traits and Environmental Parameters in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Richness, Colonization and Ecological Functions

“…To sense these mycorrhizal factors, the plant uses its receptor (Myc Factor) and a receptor-like kinase (SYMPK) that transmit the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus through a cascade of phosphorylation (of CYCLOPS-a SYM gene product and transcription factor) as well as calcium oscillation-dependent processes. This leads to the regulation of some important immune defense genes and other genes that eventually permit the penetration of the fungi into the plant tissues [21]. During this process, the gene for CEP2 (Cterminally encoded peptide) expression, which is responsible for controlling lateral root growth and development through auxin-related pathways, was downregulated to permit To sense these mycorrhizal factors, the plant uses its receptor (Myc Factor) and a receptor-like kinase (SYMPK) that transmit the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus through a cascade of phosphorylation (of CYCLOPS-a SYM gene product and transcription factor) as well as calcium oscillation-dependent processes.…”

“…During this process, the gene for CEP2 (Cterminally encoded peptide) expression, which is responsible for controlling lateral root growth and development through auxin-related pathways, was downregulated to permit To sense these mycorrhizal factors, the plant uses its receptor (Myc Factor) and a receptor-like kinase (SYMPK) that transmit the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus through a cascade of phosphorylation (of CYCLOPS-a SYM gene product and transcription factor) as well as calcium oscillation-dependent processes. This leads to the regulation of some important immune defense genes and other genes that eventually permit the penetration of the fungi into the plant tissues [21]. During this process, the gene for CEP2 (C-terminally encoded peptide) expression, which is responsible for controlling lateral root growth and development through auxin-related pathways, was downregulated to permit lateral root formation and symbiosis [22].…”

Pengaruh Biochar Kulit Buah Kakao dan Berbagai Agens Hayati Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao

“…Hasid et al (2014), menyatakan bahwa fungi mikoriza arbuskula asal vegetasi sekunder berpotensi untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman di lahan sub optimal. Fungi mikoriza arbuskula dapat memberikan manfaat secara langsung meningkatkan serapan air dan unsur hara (Halim et al, (2017) dan efektif meningkatkan penyerapan unsur hara makro dan mikro Khrieba, 2019 ). Cendawan saprofit tanah yang juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agens hayati yaitu Trichoderma sp.…”

Keanekaragaman Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Rakyat

“…CMA tersebar luas pada berbagai ekosistem (Silva et al, 2014). Keberhasilan simbiosis tersebut dapat memperbaiki status keharaan tanaman dan mengurangi penggunaan pupuk P, K, Ca, Mn (Khrieba, 2019).…”