Mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungal communities throughout ecosystem development

Dickie, Ian A.; Martínez‐García, Laura B.; Koele, Nina; Grelet, Gwen‐Aëlle; Tylianakis, Jason M.; Peltzer, Duane A.; Richardson, Sarah J.

doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1609-0

Cited by 164 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 260 publications

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“…Another comparable finding to other studies in nontropical EcM systems was that several of the EcM genera that were more abundant in one forest type or the other correspond to documented life history strategies for these fungi as being latesuccessional (competitive) or early-successional (ruderal). The genera Lactarius and Thelephora, which were only detected in the regenerating forest, are considered earlysuccessional fungi and associated with disturbed habitats in a variety of EcM ecosystems [93][94][95][96]. Similarly, many Russula, Boletus, and Leccinum species have been found to be late-successional in some ecosystems [97,98], and we found them to be most abundant in the primary forest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…are considered to be late-successional, but were abundant in the regenerating forest. Placing EcM fungi into distinctive successional groupings has proved challenging [93] and may be somewhat variable across ecosystems and among successional groupings (i.e., primary succession versus recovery from disturbance). Forest succession from historical logging may enable the coexistence of early-stage and late-stage EcM fungi, similar to the process of floristic succession, which may also explain the higher OTU richness of EcM fungi in the regenerating forest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of Soil Fungi to Logging and Oil Palm Agriculture in Southeast Asian Tropical Forests

et al. 2014

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Human land use alters soil microbial composition and function in a variety of systems, although few comparable studies have been done in tropical forests and tropical agricultural production areas. Logging and the expansion of oil palm agriculture are two of the most significant drivers of tropical deforestation, and the latter is most prevalent in Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to compare soil fungal communities from three sites in Malaysia that represent three of the most dominant land-use types in the Southeast Asia tropics: a primary forest, a regenerating forest that had been selectively logged 50 years previously, and a 25-year-old oil palm plantation. Soil cores were collected from three replicate plots at each site, and fungal communities were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Extracellular enzyme assays were assessed as a proxy for soil microbial function. We found that fungal communities were distinct across all sites, although fungal composition in the regenerating forest was more similar to the primary forest than either forest community was to the oil palm site. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, which are important associates of the dominant Dipterocarpaceae tree family in this region, were compositionally distinct across forests, but were nearly absent from oil palm soils. Extracellular enzyme assays indicated that the soil ecosystem in oil palm plantations experienced altered nutrient cycling dynamics, but there were few differences between regenerating and primary forest soils. Together, these results show that logging and the replacement of primary forest with oil palm plantations alter fungal community and function, although forests regenerating from logging had more similarities with primary forests in terms of fungal composition and nutrient cycling potential. Since oil palm agriculture is currently the mostly rapidly expanding equatorial crop and logging is pervasive across tropical ecosystems, these findings may have broad applicability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Soil Fungi to Logging and Oil Palm Agriculture in Southeast Asian Tropical Forests

et al. 2014

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“…Alive or dead, microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere represent a major sink for plant-derived C and foster the development of soil microstructures (Liang and Balser, 2011;Kallenbach et al, 2016;Lehmann et al, 2017). These microorganisms include arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, soil fungi that form symbiotic associations with the majority of land plants, including wheat ( Van der Heijden et al, 1998;Dickie et al, 2013). These fungi can receive up to 20% of a plant's photosynthetic C intake in return for delivery of nutrients to the plant (Jakobsen and Rosendahl, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking 3D Soil Structure and Plant-Microbe-Soil Carbon Transfer in the Rhizosphere

Vidal

Hirte

Bender

et al. 2018

Front. Environ. Sci.

106

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Plant roots are major transmitters of atmospheric carbon into soil. The rhizosphere, the soil volume around living roots influenced by root activities, represents hotspots for organic carbon (OC) inputs, microbial activity, and carbon turnover. Rhizosphere processes remain poorly understood and the observation of key mechanisms for carbon transfer and protection in intact rhizosphere microenvironments are challenging. We deciphered the fate of photosynthesis-derived OC in intact wheat rhizosphere, combining stable isotope labeling at field scale with high-resolution 3D-imaging. We used nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry and focus ion beam-scanning electron microscopy to generate insights into rhizosphere processes at nanometer scale. In immature wheat roots, the carbon circulated through the apoplastic pathway, via cell walls, from the stele to the cortex. The carbon was transferred to substantial microbial communuties, mainly represented by bacteria surrounding peripheral root cells. Iron oxides formed bridges between roots and bigger mineral particles, such as quartz, and surrounded bacteria in microaggregates close to the root surface. Some microaggregates were also intimately associated with the fungal hyphae surface. Based on these results, we propose a conceptual model depicting the fate of carbon at biogeochemical interfaces in the rhizosphere, at the forefront of growing roots. We observed complex interplays between vectors (roots, fungi, bacteria), transferring plant-derived OC into root-free soil and stabilizing agents (iron oxides, root and microorganism products), potentially protecting plant-derived OC within microaggregates in the rhizosphere.

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“…Hence, the organic N/inorganic N ratio increases through succession, suggesting that organic forms are increasingly important N sources in older forest soils (12). Along with shifts in the N source, changes in ECM fungal community composition have also been well documented during forest succession, though some species can be found at almost all stages (13). The stage specificity of ECM fungal community composition is more likely linked to the age of organic horizons (i.e., the litter, fragmentation, and humus layers that develop consecutively) than to the age of the tree, as experiments have shown that seedlings establishing near mature trees are generally colonized by ECM fungi typical of older forests (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Protein Degradation Ability Predicted by Soil Organic Nitrogen Availability

Rineau

Stas

Nguyen

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In temperate and boreal forest ecosystems, nitrogen (N) limitation of tree metabolism is alleviated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. As forest soils age, the primary source of N in soil switches from inorganic (NH 4 ؉ and NO 3 ؊ ) to organic (mostly proteins). It has been hypothesized that ECM fungi adapt to the most common N source in their environment, which implies that fungi growing in older forests would have greater protein degradation abilities. Moreover, recent results for a model ECM fungal species suggest that organic N uptake requires a glucose supply. To test the generality of these hypotheses, we screened 55 strains of 13 Suillus species with different ecological preferences for their in vitro protein degradation abilities. Suillus species preferentially occurring in mature forests, where soil contains more organic matter, had significantly higher protease activity than those from young forests with low-organic-matter soils or species indifferent to forest age. Within species, the protease activities of ecotypes from soils with high or low soil organic N content did not differ significantly, suggesting resource partitioning between mineral and organic soil layers. The secreted protease mixtures were strongly dominated by aspartic peptidases. Glucose addition had variable effects on secreted protease activity; in some species, it triggered activity, but in others, activity was repressed at high concentrations. Collectively, our results indicate that protease activity, a key ectomycorrhizal functional trait, is positively related to environmental N source availability but is also influenced by additional factors, such as carbon availability. In temperate and boreal forests, nitrogen (N) is the element that usually limits tree nutrition (1). To acquire sufficient N, trees form symbioses with microorganisms, including ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi (2), as well as shoot-endophytic bacteria (3). In soils, ECM fungi can take up N from both mineral and organic sources. Mineral N can be found as NH 4 ϩ or NO 3 Ϫ (4), while organic N can be present as part of several different organic oligomers or polymers: peptides, chitin, nucleic acids, and heterocyclic N compounds (3). Peptides are considered the dominant organic N source in forest soils (representing as much as 80% of organic N [5]), with ECM fungi typically retrieving N from this source through the use of proteases (3). Despite generally broad enzymatic capacities (6), not all ECM fungi have the ability to access peptide N, which has resulted in the classification of ECM fungi into "protein" and "nonprotein" species (7). Multiple authors have suggested that natural selection should favor traits allowing mycorrhizal fungi to utilize the most abundantly available N source in their environment (8). This would suggest that protein ECM fungal species have their ecological niche in organic-N-rich soils. Empirical support for this hypothesis has been shown by Lilleskov et al. (9), who found that ECM fungal species growing in a soil rich in mineral N had a lower a...

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Mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal fungal communities throughout ecosystem development

Cited by 164 publications

References 260 publications

Responses of Soil Fungi to Logging and Oil Palm Agriculture in Southeast Asian Tropical Forests

Responses of Soil Fungi to Logging and Oil Palm Agriculture in Southeast Asian Tropical Forests

Linking 3D Soil Structure and Plant-Microbe-Soil Carbon Transfer in the Rhizosphere

Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Protein Degradation Ability Predicted by Soil Organic Nitrogen Availability

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