Mycosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Trichoderma spp. Isolated from Rhizosphere Soils and Its Synergistic Antibacterial Effect against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Abstract

The Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) is used as a source of biofertilizers due to their production of secondary metabolites and beneficial effects on plants. The present work is focused on the co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum (PGT4), T. reesei (PGT5) and T. reesei (PGT13)) and the production of secondary metabolites from mono and co-culture and mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), which were characterized by a UV visible spectrophotometer, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Selected Area (Electron) Diffraction (SAED) patterns. The fungal secondary metabolite crude was extracted from the mono and co-culture of Trichoderma spp. And were analyzed by GC-MS, which was further subjected for antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, the causative organism for Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in rice. Our results showed that the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded from the co-culture of Trichoderma spp. rather than mono cultures, which indicates that co-cultivation of beneficial fungi can stimulate the synthesis of novel secondary metabolites better than in monocultures. ZnO NPs were synthesized from fungal secondary metabolites of mono cultures of Trichoderma harzianum (PGT4), Trichoderma reesei (PGT5), Trichoderma reesei (PGT13) and co-culture (PGT4 + PGT5 + PGT13). These ZnO NPs were checked for antibacterial activity against Xoo, which was found to be of a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs and secondary metabolites from co-culture of Trichoderma spp. are ecofriendly and can be used as an alternative for chemical fertilizers in agriculture.

QTL Analysis Revealed One Major Genetic Factor Inhibiting Lesion Elongation by Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) from a japonica Cultivar Koshihikari in Rice

“…Cultural control methods include proper nursery drainage, removal of diseased plants, weeds and debris, and burning rice straw left from the prior season [ 7 ]. Chemical control is a temporary measure that causes environmental pollution and adverse degradation [ 8 , 9 ]. Bactericides such as bismerthiazole and streptomycin have been used widely to control the Xoo pathogen in parts of China, which has exacerbated the problem of antimicrobial resistance development [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Trichoderma harzianum-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles: A Green Tool for Controlling Soil-Borne Pathogens in Cotton

“…ZnONPs were synthesized from fungal secondary metabolites of three monocultures of Trichoderma species including, T. harzianum and T. reesei. ZnONPs were biogenically produced using a cell filtrate of a strain of T. harzianum as a reducer and stabilizer agent [10]. Nevertheless, the microbial synthesis of ZnNPs remains unexplored [11].…”

“…was used to suppress the development of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae [10]. An interactive protective impact of ZnONPs on seedling spray/seed soak followed by seedling and biocontrol treatments, T. harzianum, enhanced plant resistance to R. solani, the causal organisms of sunflower seedlings damping-off [24].…”

Trichoderma: An Eco-Friendly Source of Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agroecosystems

“…These biosynthesized ZnONPs showed antibacterial efficacy against the rice cause of Bacterial Leaf Blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae [59]. T. harzianum is a possible fungal antagonist that is employed in the extracellular manufacture of ZnONPs.…”