Mycotoxins in Soybean Feedstuffs Used in Germany

Valenta, Hana; Dänicke, Sven; Blüthgen, A.

doi:10.1007/bf02946097

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The level of this mycotoxin contamination was rather low, in less than 4% of samples and at a maximum concentration of only 4.3 ng/g. Similar results were achieved for soybean meal (Valenta et al, 2002) and in an 8-year study of feed material and mixed feeds from Portugal (Martins et al 2008). The maximum levels of OTA detected in the analysed samples suggest that the organs of animals (pigs in particular) fed with such contaminated feedstuff can also contain the mycotoxin and, because of a 'carry over' effect, can be hazardous to humans (Grajewski, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

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Occurrence of mycotoxins in Polish animal feed in years 2006–2009

Grajewski

Błajet-Kosicka

Twarużek

et al. 2012

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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We performed a 4-year survey (2006-2009, 1255 samples) of fungal secondary metabolites in feed material (cereal and corn grains) and feedstuffs (silages, mixed feeds). Five major mycotoxin groups were studied, including aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes [deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin], zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins (FUM). The metabolites were identified using HPLC methods with fluorescent, UV and MS/MS detection. Both immunoaffinity and SPE columns were used for sample preparation. In eleven samples, the concentration of several mycotoxins exceeded the recommended guidelines for feedstuffs. DON was detected at the highest concentration in the majority of analysed samples (cereal grains, silages and mixed feeds, maximum values ranged from 409 to 14,470 ng/g). Corn grains also contained other Fusarium toxins (FUM) at maximum levels ranging from 435 to 9409 ng/g. The highest average(positive) concentration of the other trichothecenes (NIV, T-2 and HT-2 toxins) was <5.0-139 ng/g. ZEA was found at the highest concentration in corn grains and silages (maximum values ranging from 292 to 603 ng/g and 116 to 1150 ng/g, respectively). The highest average(positive) concentration and the maximum level of OTA were detected in cereal grains (33.0 ng/g in 2009 and 760 ng/g in 2007, respectively). Less than 7% of the 557 samples were contaminated with AF at low levels (maximum of 0.61 ng/g). Our results support the need for further monitoring of mycotoxins in Polish feedstuffs and their components.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Occurrence of mycotoxins in Polish animal feed in years 2006–2009

Grajewski

Błajet-Kosicka

Twarużek

et al. 2012

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…In the earlier German study, soybean feedstuffs collected arbitrarily from the local feed industry did not reveal significant contamination with zearalenone, deoxynivalenol or aflatoxin B1 (Valenta et al, 2002). The median and maximum zearalenone concentration of 25 soybean meal samples with hulls amounted to 5 and 18 µg/kg, respectively, while 25 soybean meal samples without hulls (so-called high protein soybean meal) contained < 3 µg/kg (LOD) and 12 µg/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Foods Of Plant Originmentioning

confidence: 84%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

2011

EFSA Journal

356

142

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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. It is commonly found in maize but can be found also in other crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum and rye. The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of zearalenone and the risk to consumers of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for zearalenone in breakfast cereals. A total of 13,075 analytical results obtained on food samples and 9,877 results on unprocessed grains sampled by 19 European countries in 2005-2010 were used in the evaluation. The highest concentrations of zearalenone were reported for wheat bran, corn and products thereof (e.g. corn flour, cornflakes). Grains and grain-based foods, in particular grains and grain milling products, bread and fine bakery wares, made the largest contribution to the estimated zearalenone exposures. Vegetable oils also made an important contribution to the zearalenone exposure. The critical effects of zearalenone result from its oestrogenic activity. Based on recent data in the most sensitive animal species, the pig, and taking into account comparisons between pigs and humans, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for zearalenone of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. Estimates of chronic dietary exposure to zearalenone based on the available occurrence data are below or in the region of the TDI for all age groups and not a health concern. A potential increase in the ML for zearalenone in breakfast cereals from 50 µg/kg to 75, 100, 125 or 150 µg/kg is unlikely to result in a chronic dietary exposure exceeding the TDI. In a worst case scenario it is possible that an individual could consume the same batch of breakfast cereal containing zearalenone at the ML every day for 2 to 4 weeks, in which case exposures may exceed the TDI.

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“…This assumption is supported by the finding that the most prevalent mycotoxin in central Europe was DON with maximum values of 14.1 mg kg −1 barley and 49.0 mg kg −1 wheat (found in Austria) and average levels of ZEN and DON of 1.8 mg kg −1 and 1.7 mg kg −1 in corn gluten meal world-wide, respectively [6]. Soybean and soybean meal are considered to be less contaminated with DON and ZEN [6,37] and the usage of these plant components instead of cereals probably leads to less contamination of animal feedstuffs with Fusarium toxins. However, soybean and soybean by-products can be used for fish feed production only at relatively low percentages (depending on the fish species) because they exert estrogenic effects and negative impacts on fish growth at higher levels [38,39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Commercial Fish Feed: An Initial Study

Pietsch

Kersten

Burkhardt‐Holm

et al. 2013

Toxins

102

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The control of mycotoxins is a global challenge not only in human consumption but also in nutrition of farm animals including aquatic species. Fusarium toxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), are common contaminants of animal feed but no study reported the occurrence of both mycotoxins in fish feed so far. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of DON and ZEN in samples of commercial fish feed designed for nutrition of cyprinids collected from central Europe. A maximal DON concentration of 825 μg kg−1 feed was found in one feed whereas average values of 289 μg kg−1 feed were noted. ZEN was the more prevalent mycotoxin but the concentrations were lower showing an average level of 67.9 μg kg−1 feed.

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Mycotoxins in Soybean Feedstuffs Used in Germany

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Occurrence of mycotoxins in Polish animal feed in years 2006–2009

Occurrence of mycotoxins in Polish animal feed in years 2006–2009

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Commercial Fish Feed: An Initial Study

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