Myelopoietic Response in Mice Exposed to Acute Cold/Restraint Stress: Modulation by Chlorella vulgaris Prophylactic Treatment

Abstract

In this study, hematopoietic cells from mice pretreated with CVE and exposed to acute cold/restraint stress were stimulated in the presence of growth factors to form colonies, thus providing accurate information about the modulation of the green algae of the stress-induced changes in the hematopoietic response. Our results demonstrated that exposure to acute stress affected hematopoiesis. Mice exposed for a 2.5-hour time period of cold and restraint presented diminished clonal capacity for CFU-GM content per femur, which was decreased by as much as 50% compared with that in control mice, in spite of the significant increase in serum colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Treatment with 50 mg/kg CVE for 5 days, previously to the stress regimen, attenuates the effects of the stress, since comparable levels of myeloid progenitors were found in the bone marrow of both CVE/stress and control mice. Moreover, the sera from stressed mice pretreated with CVE further increased the CFU-GM formation. On the contrary, the spleen seemed to be less sensitive to acute stress in our experimental conditions. These findings are in line with our previous reports showing that the stress-induced reduction in bone marrow CFU-GM of rats exposed to electric shocks is mediated by activation of the HPA axis and by secretion of opioid agonists. No changes were observed in bone marrow, spleen and thymus total cell counts, and in relative organ weights. However, a 50% reduction in the body weight loss produced by the stress was observed in mice given the extract.

Extramedular Hematopoiesis in the Spleen of Obese Mice Modulation by the Alga Chlorella

“…Of importance, Chlorella also increased CSA in control group (p<0.05). This effect of the alga was consistent with our previous studies using different experimental models [11,26,30,32,33].…”

“…These results demonstrated that Chlorella up-regulates the production of colony-stimulating factors in the same manner as for CFU-GM, leading to appropriate production Extramedular Hematopoiesis in the Spleen of Obese Mice Modulation by the Alga Chlorella and efficient mobilization of early immune cells, which are crucial to the performance of the surveillance as well as the effector functions of the immune system. Importantly, the ability of the alga to reverse both the myelosuppression and the splenic EMH was related to its ability to recover the homeostasis [7,11,26,30,33].…”

“…Our previous studies demonstrate a significant recovery in the reduced number of myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in the bone marrow of immunosuppressed host, in consequence of biologically active cytokine release, which was observed in several experimental models of psychogenical and physical stress [7,11,26,[28][29][30][32][33][34][35][36]. These results demonstrated that Chlorella up-regulates the production of colony-stimulating factors in the same manner as for CFU-GM, leading to appropriate production Extramedular Hematopoiesis in the Spleen of Obese Mice Modulation by the Alga Chlorella and efficient mobilization of early immune cells, which are crucial to the performance of the surveillance as well as the effector functions of the immune system.…”

Chronic Restraint Stress Upregulates Erythropoiesis through Glucocorticoid Stimulation

“…However, the majority of reports focus on adrenergic and monoaminergic response and those specifically addressing myelopoiesis, finding diminished CFU-GM populations [19-22,24] without addressing the effects of psychological stress on erythroid development. Here we employed clinical, laboratory and genomic analysis of a murine model of chronic restraint stress (RST) to examine the effects of chronic psychological stress on erythropoiesis.…”

Chronic psychological stress activates BMP4‐dependent extramedullary erythropoiesis

“…Restraint stress, an experimental model of psychological stress 5, affects different physiological processes including haematopoiesis 6. Accordingly, Sherstoboev and Minakova showed an expansion of erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow during chronic stress 7.…”