Myopia Development as a Result of Visual Deprivation? Systems Analysis and Possible Biochemical Correlates

Schaeffel, Frank; Diether, Sigrid; Feldkaemper, Marita; Hagel, Gabi; Kaymak, Hakan; Ohngemach, Sibylle; Schwahn, Hartmut

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-66959-3_48

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…Even little image degradation produces significant myopia in chicks * Preliminary data of this study [a replot of Fig. 1(A)] have already been published in abstract form Schaeffel, 1996 andSchaeffel et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Interactions of Spatial and Luminance Information in the Retina of Chickens During Myopia Development

Feldkaemper

Diether

Kleine

et al. 1999

Experimental Eye Research

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Interactions of Spatial and Luminance Information in the Retina of Chickens During Myopia Development

Feldkaemper

Diether

Kleine

et al. 1999

Experimental Eye Research

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Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia

Schaeffel,

Swiatczak

2024

Vision Research

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Long-term changes in retinal contrast sensitivity in chicks from frosted occluders and drugs: relations to myopia?

Diether

Schaeffel

1999

Vision Research

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Experiments in animal models have shown that the retinal analyzes the image to identify the position of the plane of focus and fine-tunes the growth of the underlying sclera. It is fundamental to the understanding of the development of refractive errors to know which image features are processed. Since the position of the image plane fluctuates continuously with accommodative status and viewing distance, a meaningful control of refractive development can only occur by an averaging procedure with a long time constant. As a candidate for a retinal signal for enhanced eye growth and myopia we propose the level of contrast adaptation which varies with the average amount of defocus. Using a behavioural paradigm, we have found in chickens (1) that contrast adaptation (CA, here referred to as an increase in contrast sensitivity) occurs at low spatial frequencies (0.2 cyc/deg) already after 1.5 h of wearing frosted goggles which cause deprivation myopia, (2) that CA also occurs with negative lenses (-7.4D) and positive lenses (+6.9D) after 1.5 h, at least if accommodation is paralyzed and, (3) that CA occurs at a retinal level or has, at least, a retinal component. Furthermore, we have studied the effects of atropine and reserpine, which both suppress myopia development, on CA. Quisqualate, which causes retinal degeneration but leaves emmetropization functional, was also tested. We found that both atropine and reserpine increase contrast sensitivity to a level where no further CA could be induced by frosted goggles. Quisqualate increased only the variability of refractive development and of contrast sensitivity. Taken together, CA occurring during extended periods of defocus is a possible candidate for a retinal error signal for myopia development. However, the situation is complicated by the fact that there must be a second image processing mode generating a powerful inhibitory growth signal if the image is in front of the retina, even with poor images (Diether, S., & Schaeffel, F. (1999).

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Myopia Development as a Result of Visual Deprivation? Systems Analysis and Possible Biochemical Correlates

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Interactions of Spatial and Luminance Information in the Retina of Chickens During Myopia Development

Interactions of Spatial and Luminance Information in the Retina of Chickens During Myopia Development

Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia

Long-term changes in retinal contrast sensitivity in chicks from frosted occluders and drugs: relations to myopia?

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