“…Imagine that we "position" (i.e., we write the corresponding Z-matrix row) every atom up to the hydrogen denoted by H 9 , and that we are now prepared to position the hydrogens in the side chain (H 10 , H 11 , and H 12 ) via one bond length, one bond angle, and one dihedral for each one of them. We will denote by (i, j) the bond length between atoms i and j; by (i, j, k), the bond angle between the vectors r jk and r ji ; and by (i, j, k, l) the dihedral angle between the plane defined by the atoms i, j, and k and the one defined by j, k, and l. A choice to position the atoms that is frequently seen in the literature 1,2,[21][22][23] is the one shown in Table 1. If we now perform the gedanken experiment that consists of taking a typical conformation of the molecule and slightly moving each internal coordinate at a time while keeping the rest constant, we find that any one of the three dihedrals in the previous definition is a hard coordinate, because moving one of them while keeping the other two constant distorts the internal structure of the methyl group.…”