N,N′Diethyl-m-Toluamide (m-DET): Analysis of an Insect Repellent in Human Urine and Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Smallwood, Anthony W.; DeBord, Karl E.; Lowry, Larry K.

doi:10.1093/jat/16.1.10

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Earlier studies with human volunteers demonstrated that dermally applied DEET (between 0.14 g and 1.86 g per subject) resulted in excretion of unchanged DEET in the urine up to 22 hr after exposure, with the dose exceeding the body's ability to completely metabolize the compound. 21 In part, the absence of detectable DEET in the urine may result from reduced absorption of the repellent due to venous distension which increases approximately 150% during gestation, causing reduced blood flow. 22 In addition, metabolism in the liver and blood flow to the kidney increase in pregnancy, so the potential for DEET accumulation in the fetus should be reduced if the woman has normal skin integument and liver and kidney function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy.

McGready¹,

Hamilton²,

Simpson³

et al. 2001

Am J Trop Med Hyg

177

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Abstract. The safety of daily application of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) (1.7 g of DEET/day) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was assessed as part of a double-blind, randomized, therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (n ϭ 897). No adverse neurologic, gastrointestinal, or dermatologic effects were observed for women who applied a median total dose of 214.2 g of DEET per pregnancy (range ϭ 0Ϫ345.1 g). DEET crossed the placenta and was detected in 8% (95% confidence interval ϭ 2.6Ϫ18.2) of cord blood samples from a randomly selected subgroup of DEET users (n ϭ 50). No adverse effects on survival, growth, or development at birth, or at one year, were found. This is the first study to document the safety of DEET applied regularly in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The results suggest that the risk of DEET accumulating in the fetus is low and that DEET is safe to use in later pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy.

McGready¹,

Hamilton²,

Simpson³

et al. 2001

Am J Trop Med Hyg

177

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“…Abnormal regulation of expression of MAP-2 causes suppression of neurite outgrowth and reduction in number of neurites in cultured neurons [7]. Similarly, aberrant intermediate filament proteins have been linked to diseases of neurodegeneration [11]. Our data clearly show both decrease and abnormalities in MAP-2 expression following treatment with DEET or permethrin or both DEET and permethrin in the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Pyridostigmine bromide has been reported to be absorbed into plasma and excreted in urine following oral or intravenous dose in rat [9,10,17,18,27,29,36], in man [16,24], and in dog [15,28]. Absorption and excretion of DEET and metabolites were rapid after dermal application in human [11,13], in rats [19], and in dogs [14]. Permethrin was also reported to be absorbed into plasma, metabolized and excreted as metabolites in the urine following oral or intravenous dose in rats [20], and in rabbits [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several analytical methods have been used for identification and quantification of the above chemicals and their metabolites, when applied alone in plasma and urine samples. These methods used highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [9,[11][12][13][14]25,34], HPLC-mass spectrometry [19], gas chromatography [21][22][23][24][39][40][41], gas chromatographymass spectrometry [26,32,38,42], and thin layer chromatography [22,30,31]. Other techniques were also used, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) [33], radiochromatoelectrophoresis [34], electrophoresis with paper chromatography [36], and radioaminoassay [36]. Limits of detection of the chemicals and metabolites in plasma or urine samples when analyzed using HPLC-UV, following individual application were ranged between 10 and 100 ng/ml [11,20,25], while their recoveries were between 65 and 95% [20,25,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic Interactions of Prophylactic Drugs and Pesticides

Abou‐Donia¹

2003

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Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words/The goal of the present project is to define the mechanisms of neurotoxic interactions following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB, 0.13, 1.3,13 mg/gk in water, oral), DEET (4.0, 40.0, 400.0 mg/kg in ethanol, dermal), and permethrin (0.013, 0.13, 1.3 mg/kg in ethanol, dermal) in male Sprauge-Dawley rats. The results are summarized below. 1. Combined exposure to the three test compounds for 28 days, alone or with stress produced neuropathological alterations in the brain and hepatic lesions. 2. The same treatments increased the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB), as assessed by [ 3 H]hexamethonium iodide uptake and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) staining.3. Specific brain region exhibited decreased activity of AChE and ligand binding of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 4. Exposure to DEET alone, or with permethrin significantly increased urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. 5. Within 30 minutes of dermal application of 400 mg/kg DEET alone, or in combination with 1.3 mg/kg permethrin, 55% DEET and 38% permethrin was absorbed. Distribution of permethrin in tissues was slower than DEET.Combined application to both chemicals increased AUC for DEET but did not affect AUC FlasT . a of permethrin. The goal of this project is to evaluate the possible interaction between DEET, permethrin and pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and the biological and pathological consequences of such interactions. Our standing hypothesis is that combined exposure to a mixture of chemicals would have enhanced, and in some cases deterimental toxicological effects than exposure with single chemical. SUBJECT TERMS B) ApproachWe have been testing the stated hypothesis that interactions between combined chemical exposure would result in greater toxicological and pathological changes, and certain environmental modifying factors such as stress would modulate the toxic effects in combined exposure scenario. In the previous year we have carried out dose-response studies ranging from 0.1-10 x the estimated human exposure on DEET, permethrin and PB. In those studies we carried out neurobehavioral as well as neurochemical assessment following exposure to a single or multiple chemicals (See the manuscripts in Appendix). In the current studies, we have focused on the pathological consequences of sub-chronic exposure to single chemical or combined concurrent exposure. Additionally, we studied the effect of one environmental modifier, stress on the neurotoxicity associated with concurrent exposure to PB, DEET and permethrin. The pathological changes were studied by immunohistochemical evaluation of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), glialfibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and microglial activation by lectin binding. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible mechanism(s) of neurotoxic effects of single or combined exposure by assessing the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and evaluating 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine by ...

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Exposure of children to deet and other topically applied insect repellents

Menon

Brown

2004

Am. J. Ind. Med.

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Background Use of topical repellents on children is common. Anecdotal reports suggest repellents may be applied inappropriately, but no studies characterizing the actual usage patterns and exposure of children have been reported. Methods In the summer of 2002, a cross‐sectional survey on the use patterns of repellents on children and possible associated effects was conducted in Maryland campgrounds. Information requested included products used, details of applications, post‐application practices, and parents' decision‐making process. Results The study yielded 301 respondents. Deet was the most commonly used active ingredient (83.4%); aerosols were the most common formulation (42.5%). Over a third of subjects (38.9%) treated their children's clothing as well as their skin. Over half of the children did not remove the repellent before going to bed. More than a third of parents failed to read or follow label directions. Conclusions This study provides documentation of practices leading to undesirable exposure. Educational outreach to change parents' usage patterns is indicated. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:91–97, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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N,N′Diethyl-m-Toluamide (m-DET): Analysis of an Insect Repellent in Human Urine and Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy.

Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy.

Toxic Interactions of Prophylactic Drugs and Pesticides

Exposure of children to deet and other topically applied insect repellents

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