N,N′-Diphenylthiourea

Lierop, Ben van; Castle, Laurence; Feigenbaum, Alexandre; Boenke, Achim

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5222-8_29

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“…WP recycling is well established in paper industry and has a high demand of chemicals like surfactants, hypochlorite, ozone, oxygen, or peroxides used for deinking. [ 49,50 ] Several strategies have been established to use cellulose fibrils derived from paper wastes as reinforcing filler in WPCs. [ 51–56 ] For example, López et al reported on injection‐molded PP/WP composites containing 50 wt% waste paper and exhibiting a tensile strength of 56 MPa and a Young's Modulus of 7.4 GPa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular, Mineralized, and Programmable Cellulose Composites Fabricated by 3D Printing of Aqueous Pastes Derived from Paper Wastes and Microfibrillated Cellulose

Stolz

Mülhaupt

2020

Macro Materials & Eng

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to as additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing, has emerged as highly versatile digitalized processing technology in which digitally sliced computer-designed objects are directly translated into the layer-bylayer assembly of objects in the absence of molds. [5] During the pioneering days 3D printing technologies like stereolithography have served the specialized needs of niche markets like rapid prototyping. [6,7] However, at the beginning of the 21st century, the scope of additive manufacturing is broadening with respect to both the commercially available 3D printing technologies and their applications. Nowadays, apart from vat photopolymerization, AM includes powder bed fusion, binder jetting, sheet lamination, and extrusionbased 3D printing, which is highly robust and enables processing of an extraordinarily wide spectrum of organic and inorganic materials. [5] Extrusion-based AM can be divided into two different categories: fused filament fabrication (FFF), also named fused deposition modeling (FDM), and 3D dispensing. In the FFF process, pioneered in 1989, filaments of thermoplastics are fed into a heated nozzle in which the polymer melts, is extruded and 3D deposited on a built plate where it solidifies by means of glass transition or crystallization, respectively, after cooling. [8] In contrast, extrusion-based AM by 3D dispensing resembles hotmelt dispensing and had been established in 2000 for 3D printing of synthetic and natural polymers including 3D printing of melts, pastes, solutions, and dispersions. [9] In this 3D dispensing process, thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomer prepolymers, as well as synthetic and biopolymers, metal and ceramic pastes, cement, polymer solutions, and polymer dispersions are 3D printed by pneumatic 3D dispensing without using valves. Going well beyond the physical solidification typical for FFF of thermoplastics also chemical solidification by means of ionomer formation, crosslinking, and other chemical reactions including enzyme catalysis are feasible. Moreover, no temporary support structures are required in the so called zero-gravity 3D dispensing in which 3D printing takes place in a liquid media by carefully matching the density of the 3D printed material and the liquid printing medium. [5] Particularly in view of applications in regenerative medicine, the 3D dispensing process is highly attractive and has emerged as the technological base of Combining recycling of paper wastes (WPs) with extrusion-based additive manufacturing represents a sustainable route to cellular cellulose composites tailored for lightweight construction. Particularly, shear mixing of shredded WPs with an aqueous solution of a polymer binder like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yields aqueous pastes suitable for 3D printing. As a shear thinning additive, both WP and microfibrillated cellulose account for enhanced shear thinning and dimensional stability. Opposite to the formation of dense WP/ PVA composites by melt extrusion, 3D printing of aqueous pastes produces cellular cellulose/PVA composites ex...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%