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Lusingu, John; Vestergaard, Lasse S; Mmbando, Bruno P.; Drakeley, Chris; Jones, Caroline; Akida, Juma A; Savaeli, Zacharia X; Kitua, Andrew Y; Lemnge, Martha; Theander, Thor G.

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-3-26

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Similar high prevalence in younger age groups have been reported in studies elsewhere in Africa, as in Kenya [58], in Tanzania [59,60] and in several other localities [61]. The high burden of malaria borne by the children of Santchou may be due to the fact that they were not yet immune at a younger age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

Tchuinkam

Nyih-Kong

Fopa

et al. 2015

Malar J

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Background: Highland areas are hypoendemic zones of malaria and are therefore prone to epidemics, due to lack of protective immunity. So far, Cameroon has not succeeded in implementing a convenient and effective method to detect, prevent and forecast malaria epidemic in these peculiar zones. This monitoring and evaluation study aims to assess the operational feasibility of using the human malaria infectious reservoir (HMIR) and the malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes (MAFE) as indicators, in designing a malaria epidemic early warning system (MEWS).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

Tchuinkam

Nyih-Kong

Fopa

et al. 2015

Malar J

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“…The threshold was either fixed32; dependent on transmission intensity, increasing at higher transmission33; or dependent on age, with the thresholds decreasing with age, except possibly in the first year of life34353637. In one study that had both a fixed and an age-dependent threshold, we used the former38.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of the changing age-burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease in sub-Saharan Africa

2014

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Estimating the changing burden of malaria disease remains difficult owing to limitations in health reporting systems. Here, we use a transmission model incorporating acquisition and loss of immunity to capture age-specific patterns of disease at different transmission intensities. The model is fitted to age-stratified data from 23 sites in Africa, and we then produce maps and estimates of disease burden. We estimate that in 2010 there were 252 (95% credible interval: 171–353) million cases of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa that active case finding would detect. However, only 34% (12–86%) of these cases would be observed through passive case detection. We estimate that the proportion of all cases of clinical malaria that are in under-fives varies from above 60% at high transmission to below 20% at low transmission. The focus of some interventions towards young children may need to be reconsidered, and should be informed by the current local transmission intensity.

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“…In lowland villages of Korogwe, malaria is perennial with peak seasons during and just after the rain [20]. P. falciparum is the predominant malaria species accounting for a little over 90% of all infections, the rest being P. malariae and P. ovale [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of antibodies to merozoite surface protein 3 among residents of Korogwe, north eastern Tanzania

et al. 2010

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BackgroundA polymorphic malaria parasite antigen, merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), is among the blood stage malaria vaccine candidates. It is believed to induce immunity through cytophilic antibodies that disrupt the process of erythrocytes invasion by merozoites. This study aimed at assessing natural acquisition of antibodies to MSP3 in individuals living in an area with different malaria transmission intensity in preparation for malaria vaccine trials.MethodsThe study was conducted in individuals aged 0-19 years from villages located in lowland, intermediate and highland strata in Korogwe district, northeastern Tanzania. Blood samples from 492 study participants were collected between May and June 2006 for malaria diagnosis and immunological investigations. Reactivity of MSP3 to different types of antibodies (immunoglobulin M, G and IgG subclass 1 and 3) were analysed by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA).ResultsMalaria parasite prevalence was higher in the lowland (50%) compared to the intermediate (23.1%) and highland (9.8%) strata. Immunogloblin G subclasses 1 and 3 (IgG1 & IgG3), total IgG and IgM were found to increase with increasing age. IgG3 levels were significantly higher than IgG1 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, Plasmodium falciparum infection was associated with higher IgG3 levels (p = 0.008). Adjusting by strata and age in individuals who had positive blood smears, both IgG and IgM were associated with parasite density, whereby IgG levels decreased by 0.227 (95%CI: 0.064 - 0.391; p = 0.007) while IgM levels decreased by 0.165 (95%CI: 0.044 - 0.286; p = 0.008).ConclusionIndividuals with higher levels of IgG3 might be partially protected from malaria infection. Higher levels of total IgG and IgM in highlands might be due to low exposure to malaria infection, recent infection or presence of cross-reactive antigens. Further studies of longitudinal nature are recommended. Data obtained from this study were used in selection of one village (Kwashemshi) for conducting MSP3 phase 1b malaria vaccine trial in Korogwe.

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Abstract: Background:The relationship between the burden of uncomplicated malaria and transmission intensity is unclear and a better understanding of this relationship is important for the implementation of intervention programmes.

Cited by 60 publications

References 22 publications

Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

Estimates of the changing age-burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease in sub-Saharan Africa

Acquisition of antibodies to merozoite surface protein 3 among residents of Korogwe, north eastern Tanzania

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